[EL] ELB News and Commentary 1/19/12

JBoppjr at aol.com JBoppjr at aol.com
Thu Jan 19 05:53:14 PST 2012


Actually, Rick is only partially correct on this:
 
"After and following Citizens United, the courts (most importantly  in 
Speechnow) and the FEC provided a blessing for independent only  expenditure 
committees (Super PACs) to collect unlimited sums from individuals,  labor 
unions, and corporations."
 
The first federal court of appeals to legalize Super FACs was the Fourth  
Circuit in 2008, years before Citizens United. The case, North  Carolina 
Right to Life v. Leake, was a challenge to North Carolina's $4,000  individual 
contribution limit to IE-only PACs. The limit was struck down by the  4th 
Circuit under Buckley and MCFL. Citizens United reaffirmed  the central 
rationale of Buckley, MCFL and Leake that  IEs do not corrupt and did add to the 
mix unlimited corporate and  labor union contributions to Super PACs. Even 
without CU, Super PACs  would have emerged, but with only unlimited individual 
contributions.  Jim  Bopp
 
 
In a message dated 1/19/2012 12:13:53 A.M. Eastern Standard Time,  
rhasen at law.uci.edu writes:

 
_Super PACS May Be the  Story of the Day…._ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28243)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 8:57 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28243) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
but absolutely don’t miss this_  interactive explainer_ 
(http://motherjones.com/politics/2012/01/interactive-explainer-republican-governors-association-
money-machine)  from Mother Jones about how the Republican Governors  
Association has effectively moved around money in state races, shielding many  
(often corporate) contributors from effective disclosure. 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28243&title=Super%20PACS%20May%20Be%20the%20Story%20of%20the%20Day…
.&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
Comments Off 

 
_“The Influence  Industry: Activist groups want to undo ruling that led to ‘
super PAC’  frenzy”_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28240)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 7:47 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28240) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
Dan Eggen _reports_ 
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-influence-industry-activist-groups-want-to-undo-ruling-that-led-to-super-pac-frenzy/2012
/01/18/gIQADUCR9P_story.html)   for WaPo. 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28240&title=“
The%20Influence%20Industry:%20Activist%20groups%20want%20to%20undo%20ruling%20that%20led%20to%20‘super%20PAC’%20frenzy”&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
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_New CRS Report_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28238)   
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 7:46 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28238) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
_Contemporary developments in presidential elections  (Jan.  9)_ 
(http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42139.pdf)  
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28238&title=New%20CRS%20Report&description=) 


Posted in _Uncategorized_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=1)   | Comments 
Off 

 
_“‘Super PACs’ dominate  the political landscape”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28235)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 7:44 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28235) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
LAT _reports_ 
(http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-super-pacs-20120119,0,1538469.story) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28235&title=“‘Super%20PACs’%20dominate%20the%20political%20landscape”
&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
Comments Off 

 
_“The Sudden Emergence  of Super PACs”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28232)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 4:47 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28232) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
To the Point’s Reporter’s Notebook _talks  to_ 
(http://www.kcrw.com/news/programs/tp/tp120117the_south_carolina_r/)  Chris Frates, David Keating and 
Paul Ryan. 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28232&title=“The%20Sudden%20Emergence%20of%20Super%20PACs”&description=) 


Posted in _Uncategorized_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=1)   | Comments 
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_“Will Jon Stewart go  to jail for running Stephen Colbert’s super PAC?”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28229)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 4:42 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28229) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
The Christian Science Monitor _reports_ 
(http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2012/0118/Will-Jon-Stewart-go-to-jail-for-running-Stephen-Colbe
rt-s-super-PAC) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28229&title=“
Will%20Jon%20Stewart%20go%20to%20jail%20for%20running%20Stephen%20Colbert’s%20super%20PAC?”&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
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_“California could be  model for ‘super PAC’ disclosure”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28227)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 4:39 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28227) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
The San Jose Mercury News _reports_ 
(http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_19768783) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28227&title=“California%20could%20be%20model%20for%20‘super%20PAC’%20disclosure”
&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
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_“Rules of the Game:  Some Say Nixing Contribution Limits Will Level 
Playing Field”_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28225)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 4:38 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28225) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
Eliza’s _latest._ 
(http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_81/Some-Say-Nixing-Contribution-Limits-Will-Level-Playing-Field-211595-1.html?pos=olobh)  
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28225&title=“
Rules%20of%20the%20Game:%20Some%20Say%20Nixing%20Contribution%20Limits%20Will%20Level%20Playing%20Field”&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
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_Arlington VA Sends Out  Ballots_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28222)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 2:37 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28222) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
See _here_ 
(https://twitter.com/#!/ArlingtonVotes/status/159752215525998592) .   Has Perry announced he won’t go to SCOTUS on VA ballot access? 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28222&title=Arlington%20VA%20Sends%20Out%20Ballots&description=) 


Posted in _ballot access_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=46)   | Comments 
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_“Citizens United vs  FEC: The End of Democracy As We Know It?”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28219)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 2:22 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28219) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
Weissman, Bopp _debate_ 
(http://www.lsba.org/midyear2012/LSBAClassActionCitizensUnitedCLE.pdf) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28219&title=“
Citizens%20United%20vs%20FEC:%20The%20End%20of%20Democracy%20As%20We%20Know%20It?”&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
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_“New S.C. Poll:  Colbert Hot, Court-Bashing Not”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28216)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 1:38 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28216) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
Justice at Stake has issued _this  press release_ 
(http://www.justiceatstake.org/newsroom/press_releases.cfm/new_sc_poll_colbert_hot_courtbashing_not?sh
ow=news&newsID=12371) . 
 
 (http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#u
rl=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28216&title=“New%20S.C.%20Poll:%20Colbert%20Hot,%20Court-Bashing%20Not”
&description=) 


Posted in _judicial elections_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=19)   | 
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_Bonus Quote of the Day  (Tort Law Edition)_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28213)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 1:24 pm_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28213) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
“[Y]ou always assume the risk of using the student refrigerator.” 
UCLAW SBA, responding to a theft of lunches from student fridges (via 
_Above  the Law_ 
(http://abovethelaw.com/2012/01/there-is-a-law-school-lunch-thief-running-wild-in-our-midst/#more-127654) ). 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28213&title=Bonus%20Quote%20of%20the%20Day%20(Tort%20Law%20Edition)&description=)
 


Posted in _Uncategorized_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=1)   | Comments 
Off 

 
_“Ellis: Texas unable  to prove ID law won’t discriminate”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28210)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 12:12 pm_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28210)  by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
See _here_ 
(http://blog.chron.com/texaspolitics/2012/01/ellis-texas-unable-to-prove-id-law-wont-discriminate/) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28210&title=“Ellis:%20Texas%20unable%20to%20prove%20ID%20law%20won’
t%20discriminate”&description=) 


Posted in _Department of  Justice_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=26) , 
_voter id_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=9) , _Voting Rights Act_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15)   | Comments Off 

 
_Did Citizens United  Lead to Super PACs? Setting the Record Straight_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28207)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 11:42 am_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28207)  by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
Salon is out with an _interview  today_ 
(http://www.salon.com/2012/01/18/is_citizens_united_just_misunderstood/singleton/)  with Floyd Abrams (noted 
First Amendment lawyer and campaign finance  law opponent).  Abrams _took  the 
NY Times to task_ 
(http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/opinion/citizens-united-decision.html?_r=1)  for blaming the $5 million Adelson  contribution to 
Super PACs on Citizens United.  Abrams says it  is Buckley v. Valeo, 
recognizing an individual’s right to spend money  on elections, not Citizens United, 
which is responsible for the  emergence of Super PACs. 
That’s not the whole story, and misses the relevance of Citizens  United. 
Here are the main points. 
1. Before Citizens United, individuals could indeed spend  unlimited sums 
on independent advertising directly supporting or opposing  candidates.  But 
that money had to be spent by the individual  directly.  It could not be 
given to a political action committee, which  had an individual contribution 
cap of $5,000 and could not take corporate or  union funding.  In many cases, 
wealthy individuals did not want to spend  their own money on advertising, 
which would say “Paid for by Sheldon Adelson”  or “Paid for by George Soros”
, so fewer of these ads happened.  And  corporations or unions could not 
play in this way. 
2. Before Citizens United, an individual who wanted to spend money  to 
influence a federal election but who did not want his or her name plastered  
across every ad sometimes gave to groups which came to be known as “527s” (for 
 a particular provision of the tax code).  527s claimed they could take  
unlimited money from individuals (and sometimes claimed a right to corporate  
and labor union money) on grounds that they were not PACS under the FEC  
definition of PACs.  These 527s were somewhat successful (George Soros  gave 
$23 million to try to help pro-Kerry 527s in 2004 get Kerry elected), but  a 
legal cloud always hung over them.  I remember well when Bob Bauer,  then 
candidate Obama’s lawyer, b_arged in on a  pro-Hillary Clinton conference call_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/archives/010292.html)  to say that people 
giving to 527s to  support Clinton could face criminal liability. 
3. After and following Citizens United, the courts (most  importantly in 
Speechnow) and the FEC provided a blessing for  independent only expenditure 
committees (Super PACs) to collect unlimited sums  from individuals, labor 
unions, and corporations.  The theory was that,  per Citizens United, if 
independent spending cannot corrupt, then  contributions to fund independent 
spending cannot corrupt either. (I  am _quite_ 
(http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2011/10/citizens_united_how_justice_kennedy_has
_paved_the_way_for_the_re.single.html) _  critical_ 
(http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/09/opinion/hasen-super-pacs/index.html?eref=rss_topstories&utm_source=fe
edburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:%20rss/cnn_topstories%20(RSS:%20T
op%20Stories))  of this theory about corruption, but that’s besides the 
point  here.)  So what was once of questionable legality or illegality before  
Citizens United is of fully blessed legality after Citizens  United.  So 
Citizens United allowed for independent  spending to flourish, in ways that it 
could not before. 
4. On top of this–and here is where Abrams is right–through no fault of 
the  Supreme Court in Citizens United, it has become quite easy to evade  or 
avoid adequate disclosure.  Part of this came about because three  Republican 
Commissioners on the FEC have _embraced  an anti-disclosure reading_ 
(http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2011/01/the_fec_is_a
s_good_as_dead.html)  of the statutes and regulations.  Part of  it 
requires a legislative or regulatory response, so that individuals cannot  give to 
a 501(c)(4) (such as Crossroads GPS or Colbert’s Super PAC SHHH) to  shield 
their identity as money is transferred to the Super PAC (such as  American 
Crossroads or the Colbert Super PAC.)  Part requires tightening  up the time 
frame for disclosure of Super PAC contributions.  (Most Super  PACs now won’
t be disclosing their funding until the presidential nomination  on the 
Republican side is all but locked up.)   But there is _no  political will among 
Republican Commissioners at the FEC or among Republicans  in Congress _ 
(http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/10/show_me_the_don
ors.html) to fix the disclosure problem.  Disclosure, which used to  be 
supported by a bipartisan consensus, has gotten entangled in this  morass. 
Bottom line: Citizens United has led, indirectly but surely, to  the 
emergence of Super PACs. But it is up to Congress, not the Supreme  Court,  to fix 
the disclosure problems with Super PACs. 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28207&title=Did%20Citizens%20United%20Lead%20to%20Super%20PACs?%20Setting%20the%2
0Record%20Straight&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
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_“Scott hires Ken  Detzner as new secretary of state”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28204)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 10:43 am_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28204)  by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
_News_ 
(http://www.postonpolitics.com/2012/01/scott-hires-ken-detzner-as-new-secretary-of-state/)   from Florida. 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28204&title=“Scott%20hires%20Ken%20Detzner%20as%20new%20secretary%20of%20state”
&description=) 


Posted in _election  administration_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=18)  
| Comments Off 

 
_Did Santorum Beat  Gingrich in New Hampshire?_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28201)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 9:29 am_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28201) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
_Michael  McDonald _ 
(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-p-mcdonald/second-place-in-nh-democr_b_1213219.html) includes the write-ins and votes in 
the Dem. primary and finds  some interesting results. 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28201&title=Did%20Santorum%20Beat%20Gingrich%20in%20New%20Hampshire?&description=
) 


Posted in _campaigns_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=59)   | Comments Off 

 
_“Ex-DOJ Voting Section  Chief Now Representing South Carolina in Voter ID 
Fight”_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28198)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 9:13 am_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28198) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
_Main  Justice_ 
(http://www.mainjustice.com/2012/01/11/ex-doj-voting-section-chief-now-representing-south-carolina-in-voter-id-fight/) : Christopher 
Coates teams up with _Paul Clement_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=27761)  in 
a case that  could _well  bring down_ 
(http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2011/12/the_obama_administration_s_risky_voter_id_mo
ve_threatens_the_voting_rights_act.html)  section 5 of the Voting Rights 
Act.  One of Coates’ former  co-workers writes of sadness at this development. 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28198&title=“
Ex-DOJ%20Voting%20Section%20Chief%20Now%20Representing%20South%20Carolina%20in%20Voter%20ID%20Fight”&description=) 


Posted in _Supreme Court_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=29) , _The 
Voting Wars_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=60) , _voter id_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=9) , _Voting Rights Act_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15) 
  | Comments Off 

 
_“Secretaries Of State  At Center Of Election Battles”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28195)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 9:06 am_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28195) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
NPR _reports_ 
(http://www.npr.org/2012/01/18/145351397/secretaries-of-state-at-center-of-election-battles) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28195&title=“Secretaries%20Of%20State%20At%20Center%20Of%20Election%20Battles”
&description=) 


Posted in _election  administration_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=18) , 
_The Voting Wars_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=60)   | Comments Off 

 
_“How Big Money Super  PACs are Reshaping the GOP Race”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28192)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 8:44 am_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28192) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
PBS News Hour _reports_ 
(http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june12/superpacs_01-17.html) . 
 
 (http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electio
nlawblog.org/?p=28192&title=“
How%20Big%20Money%20Super%20PACs%20are%20Reshaping%20the%20GOP%20Race”&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
Comments Off 

 
_“Law Blog Fireside:  Jenner’s Paul Smith, Redistricting Pro”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28189)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 8:40 am_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28189) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
_Here_ 
(http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2012/01/18/law-blog-fireside-jenners-paul-smith-redistricting-pro/) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28189&title=“Law%20Blog%20Fireside:%20Jenner’
s%20Paul%20Smith,%20Redistricting%20Pro”&description=) 


Posted in _Uncategorized_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=1)   | Comments 
Off 

 
_“Mitt Romney’s flawed  plan to ‘fix’ campaign financing”_ 
(http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28186)  
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 8:03 am_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28186) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   
 
WaPo_  editorializes_ 
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/mitt-romneys-flawed-plan-to-fix-campaign-financing/2012/01/17/gIQAsfXY6P_story.html) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28186&title=“Mitt%20Romney’s%20flawed%20plan%20to%20‘fix’
%20campaign%20financing”&description=) 


Posted in _campaign finance_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10)   | 
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_Quote of the Day_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28183)   
Posted  on _January 18, 2012 7:43 am_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28183) 
 by _Rick Hasen_ (http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3)   

By giving corporations free rein to meddle in politics without any  
accountability required, just like in the robber baron days, and by defining  money 
as speech, the court dealt a body blow to American democracy.  Candidates 
no longer can focus simply on raising money for their campaigns  against 
other candidates. Because corporations have almost unlimited sums  they can put 
in with no notice, candidates have to raise protection money in  advance 
just in case such a campaign is waged against them. 
And in many cases, as I have written before, they will pay for protection  
by quietly giving companies or other interests what they want legislatively  
to avoid a multimillion-dollar slime campaign against them. Supreme Court  
Justice Anthony Kennedy, who wrote the majority opinion in Citizens United,  
said there could be no corruption in independent spending. What planet does 
 he live on?
_Norm  Ornstein_ 
(http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_80/effect_citizens_united_felt_two_years_later-211556-1.html) , in Roll Call, on the second 
anniversary of Citizens  United.  I sounded similar themes _here_ 
(http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/09/opinion/hasen-super-pacs/index.html?eref=rss_topstories&utm_sou
rce=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:%20rss/cnn_topstories%20(RS
S:%20Top%20Stories)) . 
 
 
(http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=28183&title=Quote%20of%20the%20Day&description=) 

-- 
Rick Hasen
Chancellor's Professor of Law  and Political Science
UC Irvine School of Law
401 E. Peltason Dr., Suite  1000
Irvine, CA 92697-8000
949.824.3072 - office
949.824.0495 -  fax
_rhasen at law.uci.edu_ (mailto:rhasen at law.uci.edu) 
_http://law.uci.edu/faculty/page1_r_hasen.html_ 
(http://law.uci.edu/faculty/page1_r_hasen.html) 
_http://electionlawblog.org_ (http://electionlawblog.org/) 



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