[EL] Grassroots Lobbyign Disclosure

Rick Hasen rhasen at law.uci.edu
Mon Aug 26 09:27:07 PDT 2013


What about Harriss and lobbying disclosure?  And what about CU's 
description of what the Court did in Harriss?

On 8/26/2013 9:24 AM, JBoppjr at aol.com wrote:
> Of course, Rick, I remember the quote from /CU/ -- I did not dispute 
> that. I only disputed the /Doe v Reed/ claim, which you now concede 
> was in error.
> But the real question is not the existence of the voter information 
> interest for political activity but what is the political activity to 
> which it attaches. So far the Court has only approved a very narrow 
> set of political communications to which the voter info interest 
> attaches -- IEs and ECs.  Narrow indeed, clearly not issue advocacy as 
> the "reformers" erroneously claim.  Jim Bopp
> In a message dated 8/26/2013 12:11:24 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time, 
> rhasen at law.uci.edu <mailto:rhasen at law.uci.edu> writes:
>
>     You are right Jim that the Court did not reach the issue in Doe v.
>     Reed (" Respondents assert two interests to justify the burdens of
>     compelled disclosure under the PRA on First Amendment
>     <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-const?amendmenti>
>     rights: (1) preserving the integrity of the electoral process by
>     combating fraud, detecting invalid signatures, and fostering
>     government transparency and accountability; and (2) providing
>     information to the electorate about who supports the petition.
>     See, /e.g. /, Brief for Respondent Reed 39–42, 44–45. Because we
>     determine that the State’s interest in preserving the integrity of
>     the electoral process suffices to defeat the argument that the PRA
>     is unconstitutional with respect to referendum petitions in
>     general, we need not, and do not, address the State’s
>     “informational” interest. ")
>
>     But the Court did reach the issue and accepted the information
>     interest in Harriss and Citizens United. Here's a piece of
>     Citizens United, which surely you remember:
>
>              The Court has explained that disclosure is a less
>         restrictive alternative to more comprehensive regulations of
>         speech. See, /e.g., //MCFL /, 479 U. S., at 262. In /Buckley
>         /, the Court upheld a disclosure requirement for independent
>         expenditures even though it invalidated a provision that
>         imposed a ceiling on those expenditures. 424 U. S., at 75–76.
>         In /McConnell /, three Justices who would have found §441b to
>         be unconstitutional nonetheless voted to uphold BCRA’s
>         disclosure and disclaimer requirements. 540 U. S., at 321
>         (opinion of Kennedy, J. , joined by Rehnquist, C. J., and
>         Scalia, J. ). And the Court has upheld registration and
>         disclosure requirements on lobbyists, even though Congress has
>         no power to ban lobbying itself. /United States /v. /Harriss
>         /, 347 U. S. 612
>         <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite?347+612>,
>         625 (1954) (Congress “has merely provided for a modicum of
>         information from those who for hire attempt to influence
>         legislation or who collect or spend funds for that purpose”).
>         For these reasons, we reject Citizens United’s contention that
>         the disclosure requirements must be limited to speech that is
>         the functional equivalent of express advocacy.
>
>              Citizens United also disputes that an informational
>         interest justifies the application of §201 to its ads, which
>         only attempt to persuade viewers to see the film. Even if it
>         disclosed the funding sources for the ads, Citizens United
>         says, the information would not help viewers make informed
>         choices in the political marketplace. This is similar to the
>         argument rejected above with respect to disclaimers. Even if
>         the ads only pertain to a commercial transaction, the public
>         has an interest in knowing who is speaking about a candidate
>         shortly before an election. Because the informational interest
>         alone is sufficient to justify application of §201 to these
>         ads, it is not necessary to consider the Government’s other
>         asserted interests.
>
>
>
>
>
>     On 8/26/2013 9:03 AM, JBoppjr at aol.com wrote:
>>     Regarding:
>>     /The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized the information
>>     interest as sufficient to support disclosure of political
>>     activities, from Harriss to Citizens United to Doe v. Reed/
>>     Sorry Rick, but not true. /Doe v Reed/ recognized only the
>>     state's interest in preventing and discovering fraud, not a voter
>>     information interest.  Jim Bopp
>>     In a message dated 8/26/2013 10:17:30 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time,
>>     rhasen at law.uci.edu writes:
>>
>>
>>
>>         Steve,
>>         I'd like to see more on the substance and less on the
>>         hyperbole.  Saying "Wrong" is not very edifying.
>>         In fact, Lloyd's point is correct as a matter of doctrine.
>>         The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized the information
>>         interest as sufficient to support disclosure of political
>>         activities, from Harriss to Citizens United to Doe v. Reed.
>>         You may disagree with what the Court has said, or the
>>         extension to so-called grassroots lobbying, but explanation
>>         rather than dismissive tone would be more welcome.
>>         Rick
>>
>>         On 8/26/2013 6:22 AM, Steve Hoersting wrote:
>>>
>>>         Wrong.
>>>
>>>         Find and check out a video seminar called A Skeptical Look
>>>         at Grassroots Lobbying Disclosure on the Cato Institute website.
>>>
>>>         Suffer through the whole thing and you will be much further
>>>         along.
>>>
>>>         Best,
>>>         Steve Hoersting
>>>
>>>         On Aug 26, 2013 9:17 AM, "Lloyd Mayer" <lmayer at nd.edu
>>>         <mailto:lmayer at nd.edu>> wrote:
>>>
>>>             Having recently delved into grassroots lobbying
>>>             disclosure, I should note that another rationale
>>>             asserted in its favor is providing information to the
>>>             targeted members of the public.  Providing information
>>>             is of course one of government interests stated by the
>>>             Court in /Buckley/ for permitting required disclosure
>>>             even in the face of constitutional objections, and is
>>>             the primary (only?) rationale relied upon in the portion
>>>             of the /Citizens United/ decision relating to
>>>             disclosure.  Of course in those contexts the interest
>>>             was providing information to voters, but it is not a
>>>             great stretch to expand that interest to include
>>>             providing information to the public that is sought to be
>>>             influenced in the grassroots lobbying context.
>>>
>>>             Lloyd Hitoshi Mayer
>>>
>>>             Professor of Law & Associate Dean
>>>
>>>             Notre Dame Law School
>>>
>>>             P.O. Box 780
>>>
>>>             Notre Dame, IN 46556-0780
>>>
>>>             campus address:  1106 Eck Hall of Law
>>>
>>>             (574) 631-8057 <tel:%28574%29%20631-8057>/cell: (574)
>>>             598-0740 <tel:%28574%29%20598-0740>/fax: (574) 631-4197
>>>             <tel:%28574%29%20631-4197>
>>>
>>>             Web Bio: http://law.nd.edu/directory/lloyd-mayer/
>>>
>>>             SSRN Author Page:
>>>             http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=504775
>>>
>>>             *From:*law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>
>>>             [mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>]
>>>             *On Behalf Of *Eric Lycan
>>>             *Sent:* Monday, August 26, 2013 8:46 AM
>>>             *To:* Smith, Brad; law-election at uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:law-election at uci.edu>
>>>             *Subject:* Re: [EL] KY Legislative Ethics proposal to
>>>             require reporting of grassroots lo...
>>>
>>>             *Thanks to everyone from both points of view for the
>>>             informative responses. *
>>>
>>>             **
>>>
>>>             *I am aware of the case law (though Harris was a new one
>>>             to me) as to disclosure of electoral spending, and also
>>>             that many states have grassroots lobbying disclosure. 
>>>             What is not clear to me is how the anti-corruption
>>>             rationale applies to allow regulation of non-electoral,
>>>             indirect speech on current legislative issues (as
>>>             opposed to ballot issues addressed in Belotti).  If
>>>             independent expenditures are not sufficiently corrupting
>>>             to justify a ban on IEs, can independent non-electoral,
>>>             non-candidate/officeholder speech be regulated - even to
>>>             the extent of requiring disclosure - when there can be
>>>             no corrupting influence (recognizing that not everyone
>>>             agrees with that premise)?  It seems to me that removing
>>>             the electoral element from the equation takes the
>>>             anti-corruption rationale off the field.*
>>>
>>>             **
>>>
>>>             *The regulation of direct lobbying might be the
>>>             justification for regulation of speech by the lobbyist’s
>>>             employer; however, if the ability to make contributions
>>>             does not affect the ability of a (non-corporate)
>>>             contributor to make unlimited IEs in the post-CU world,
>>>             perhaps the added element of lobbyist involvement does
>>>             not justify the regulation of such purely issue-related
>>>             speech.*
>>>
>>>             **
>>>
>>>             *If anyone is aware of challenges to state grassroots
>>>             lobbying laws, I would be very interested in the courts’
>>>             analyses.  And of course your thoughts, which are
>>>             compelling reading.  Thanks.*
>>>
>>>             **
>>>
>>>             **
>>>
>>>             */D. Eric Lycan/*
>>>             Steptoe & Johnson PLLC
>>>             2525 Harrodsburg Road, Suite 300
>>>
>>>             Lexington, KY 40504
>>>             O: 859-219-8213 <tel:859-219-8213> F: 304-933-8715
>>>             <tel:304-933-8715> C: 859-621-8888 <tel:859-621-8888>
>>>             /_Eric.Lycan at Steptoe-Johnson.com
>>>             <mailto:Eric.Lycan at Steptoe-Johnson.com>_/
>>>             www.steptoe-johnson.com <http://www.steptoe-johnson.com/>
>>>
>>>             Twitter:/@KYcampaignlaw/
>>>
>>>             cid:image001.png at 01CE1F1F.E190E620
>>>
>>>             **
>>>
>>>             *From:*law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>
>>>             [mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>]
>>>             *On Behalf Of *Smith, Brad
>>>             *Sent:* Sunday, August 25, 2013 9:02 AM
>>>             *To:* law-election at uci.edu <mailto:law-election at uci.edu>
>>>             *Subject:* Re: [EL] KY Legislative Ethics proposal to
>>>             require reporting of grassroots lo...
>>>
>>>             For reasons Jim and Allen have addressed, and a couple
>>>             others as well, I think it is dishonest to say that the
>>>             Court has "approved," "upheld," or "sanctioned" the type
>>>             of disclosure that the reform community and CLC now seek
>>>             to impose broadly on 501c4 groups. There is certainly
>>>             language in Citizens United (especially when coupled
>>>             with McConnell and Doe v. Reed) to make one project that
>>>             the Court would uphold such regulation if presented
>>>             squarely with the issue today. But for now the
>>>             controlling precedent, in which the Court has squarely
>>>             faced that issue, remains Buckley (and also MCFL), which
>>>             does not sanction that type of disclosure and was not
>>>             altered by Citizens United.
>>>
>>>             The particular Kentucky rule may have different
>>>             implications because the Court has seemed willing to
>>>             tolerate more regulation of the behavior of registered
>>>             lobbyists. However, one could also consider it a weaker
>>>             case for such regulation, since the language the reform
>>>             community seeks to rely on in Citizens United and
>>>             McConnell did concern candidates running for office, not
>>>             any advertising discussing issues.
>>>
>>>             /Bradley A. Smith/
>>>
>>>             /Josiah H. Blackmore II/Shirley M. Nault/
>>>
>>>             /Professor of Law/
>>>
>>>             /Capital University Law School/
>>>
>>>             /303 E. Broad St./
>>>
>>>             /Columbus, OH 43215/
>>>
>>>             /614.236.6317 <tel:614.236.6317>/
>>>
>>>             /http://law.capital.edu/faculty/bios/bsmith.aspx/
>>>
>>>             ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>
>>>             *From:*law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>
>>>             [law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>]
>>>             on behalf of JBoppjr at aol.com <mailto:JBoppjr at aol.com>
>>>             [JBoppjr at aol.com <mailto:JBoppjr at aol.com>]
>>>             *Sent:* Sunday, August 25, 2013 8:37 AM
>>>             *To:* PRyan at campaignlegalcenter.org
>>>             <mailto:PRyan at campaignlegalcenter.org>;
>>>             Eric.Lycan at Steptoe-Johnson.com; rhasen at law.uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:rhasen at law.uci.edu>; law-election at uci.edu
>>>             <mailto:law-election at uci.edu>
>>>             *Subject:* Re: [EL] KY Legislative Ethics proposal to
>>>             require reporting of grassroots lo...
>>>
>>>             Regarding:
>>>
>>>             I’m struggling to understand how you can read this
>>>             passage from /Citizens United/: “For these reasons, we
>>>             reject Citizens United's contention that the disclosure
>>>             requirements must be limited to speech that is the
>>>             functional equivalent of express advocacy”; and then
>>>             write: “/McConnell/ and /Citizens United/ upheld
>>>             electioneering communications reporting after being
>>>             convinced by studies that ECs were the functional
>>>             equivalent of express advocacy.”
>>>
>>>             Let me try to help you with your struggle.
>>>
>>>             /McConnell/upheld the EC provision because studies
>>>             convinced the majority that ECs were the functional
>>>             equivalent of express advocacy and did not apply to
>>>             genuine issue advocacy. /WRTL/ then narrowed the
>>>             definition of functional equivalent to apply only when
>>>             there is no reasonable interpretation of the message of
>>>             the communication other than it appeals for a vote for
>>>             or against a candidate -- "the appeal to vote test."
>>>
>>>             /CU/argued that the disclosure provision should also be
>>>             limited by the "appeal to vote test" -- the /WRTL/
>>>             definition of functional equivalent.  This is what the
>>>             Court rejected -- leaving disclosure to encompass all
>>>             ECs upheld by /McConnell/-- which the Court said was the
>>>             functional equivalent of express advocacy and did not
>>>             encompass genuine issue advocacy.
>>>
>>>             It is true that Kennedy used the phrase "functional
>>>             equivalent of express advocacy" without referencing
>>>             whether it was WRTL's or McConnell's -- leading some to
>>>             be confused about this. However, the parties were
>>>             arguing that it should be limited to WRTL's "appeal to
>>>             vote test" -- WRTL's new definition of functional
>>>             equivalent.
>>>
>>>             So we are now back to McConnell's definition of ECs,
>>>             which does not apply -- said the McConnell Court -- to
>>>             genuine issue advocacy.
>>>
>>>             Some times you need to look at what the parties are
>>>             arguing to understand what the Court rejected.
>>>
>>>             Jim Bopp
>>>
>>>             In a message dated 8/24/2013 12:29:15 P.M. Eastern
>>>             Daylight Time, PRyan at campaignlegalcenter.org
>>>             <mailto:PRyan at campaignlegalcenter.org> writes:
>>>
>>>                 Jim,
>>>
>>>                 I’m struggling to understand how you can read this
>>>                 passage from /Citizens United/: “For these reasons,
>>>                 we reject Citizens United's contention that the
>>>                 disclosure requirements must be limited to speech
>>>                 that is the functional equivalent of express
>>>                 advocacy”; and then write: “/McConnell/ and
>>>                 /Citizens United/ upheld electioneering
>>>                 communications reporting after being convinced by
>>>                 studies that ECs were the functional equivalent of
>>>                 express advocacy.”
>>>
>>>                 The 8 members of the Court upholding the challenged
>>>                 disclosure requirements in /Citizens United/ gave no
>>>                 indication they had been “convinced” that the ads
>>>                 were “the functional equivalent of express
>>>                 advocacy.”  On the contrary, the Court held that it
>>>                 made no difference whether the ads were the
>>>                 “functional equivalent of express advocacy” and
>>>                 explicitly rejected the “contention that the
>>>                 disclosure requirements must be limited to speech
>>>                 that is the functional equivalent of express advocacy.”
>>>
>>>                 And in doing so, the /Citizens United /Court
>>>                 explicitly distinguished spending restrictions,
>>>                 citing its decision in /WRTL/, from the disclosure
>>>                 requirements at issue in /Citizens United/.  The
>>>                 Court wrote: “As a final point, Citizens United
>>>                 claims that, in any event, the disclosure
>>>                 requirements in § 201 must be confined to speech
>>>                 that is the functional equivalent of express
>>>                 advocacy. The principal opinion in /WRTL/ limited 2
>>>                 U.S.C. § 441b's restrictions on independent
>>>                 expenditures to express advocacy and its functional
>>>                 equivalent. Citizens United seeks to import a
>>>                 similar distinction into BCRA's disclosure
>>>                 requirements.  We reject this contention.”  558 U.S.
>>>                 at 368-69 (citation to /WRTL/ omitted).
>>>
>>>                 And you, Jim, rejected the notion that the ads at
>>>                 issue in /Citizens United /were the “functional
>>>                 equivalent of express advocacy,” repeatedly
>>>                 characterizing the ads as “issue advocacy” in the
>>>                 complaint you filed in the case.  Your amended
>>>                 complaint filed on 12/21/2007 refers to
>>>                 “issue-advocacy ad” in para. 18, refers to the ads
>>>                 as “protected issue advocacy” in para. 18, argues
>>>                 that the ads are subject to disclosure only because
>>>                 the FEC refused to include “the Supreme Court’s
>>>                 issue-advocacy safe harbor” established in /WRTL/ in
>>>                 para. 22, and again refers again to the ads as
>>>                 “issue advocacy” in para. 27.
>>>
>>>                 Give yourself some credit, Jim!  It seems you and
>>>                 your co-counsel throughout the /Citizens United/
>>>                 litigation convinced the Court that the ads were NOT
>>>                 the functional equivalent of express advocacy. Yet
>>>                 the Court upheld the disclosure requirements
>>>                 applicable to the ads anyway.
>>>
>>>                 And there’s also the Supreme Court’s decision in
>>>                 /Harriss/, where the Court held with respect to
>>>                 lobbying-related disclosure (/i.e./, what you would
>>>                 likely call “genuine issue advocacy”): “Under these
>>>                 circumstances, we believe that Congress, at least
>>>                 within the bounds of the Act as we have construed
>>>                 it, is not constitutionally forbidden to require the
>>>                 disclosure of lobbying activities.” /United States
>>>                 v. Harriss,/ 347 U.S. 612, 625 (1954).
>>>
>>>                 And there’s the Court’s decision in /Bellotti/,
>>>                 where, with respect to corporate spending regarding
>>>                 a ballot referendum (/i.e./, what you would likely
>>>                 call “genuine issue advocacy”), the Court wrote:
>>>                 “Identification of the source of advertising may be
>>>                 required as a means of disclosure, so that the
>>>                 people will be able to evaluate the arguments to
>>>                 which they are being subjected.  In addition, we
>>>                 emphasized in Buckley the prophylactic effect of
>>>                 requiring that the source of communication be
>>>                 disclosed.  435 U.S. 765, 792 (internal citations
>>>                 omitted) (citing /Buckley/, 424 U.S. at
>>>                 66-67;/Harriss/, 347 U.S. at 625-626).
>>>
>>>                 In short, what I wrote yesterday (“The Court has
>>>                 struck down limits on contributions and
>>>                 expenditures, while upholding disclosure
>>>                 requirements applicable to issue advocacy.”) is
>>>                 indeed true. Best,
>>>
>>>                 Paul Seamus Ryan
>>>
>>>                 Senior Counsel
>>>
>>>                 The Campaign Legal Center
>>>
>>>                 215 E Street NE
>>>
>>>                 Washington, DC 20002
>>>
>>>                 Ph. (202) 736-2200 ext. 214
>>>                 <tel:%28202%29%20736-2200%20ext.%20214>
>>>
>>>                 Mobile Ph. (202) 262-7315 <tel:%28202%29%20262-7315>
>>>
>>>                 Fax (202) 736-2222 <tel:%28202%29%20736-2222>
>>>
>>>                 Website: http://www.campaignlegalcenter.org/
>>>
>>>                 Blog: http://www.clcblog.org/
>>>
>>>                 To sign up for the CLC Blog, visit:
>>>                 http://www.campaignlegalcenter.org/index.php?option=com_forme&fid=1&Itemid=63
>>>
>>>                 Follow us on Twitter @CampaignLegal
>>>
>>>                 Become a fan on Facebook
>>>
>>>                 *From:*JBoppjr at aol.com <mailto:JBoppjr at aol.com>
>>>                 [mailto:JBoppjr at aol.com <mailto:JBoppjr at aol.com>]
>>>                 *Sent:* Saturday, August 24, 2013 8:57 AM
>>>                 *To:* Paul Ryan; Eric.Lycan at Steptoe-Johnson.com;
>>>                 rhasen at law.uci.edu <mailto:rhasen at law.uci.edu>;
>>>                 law-election at uci.edu <mailto:law-election at uci.edu>
>>>                 *Subject:* Re: [EL] KY Legislative Ethics proposal
>>>                 to require reporting of grassroots lo...
>>>
>>>                 This is not true:
>>>
>>>                 The Court has struck down limits on contributions
>>>                 and expenditures, while upholding disclosure
>>>                 requirements applicable to issue advocacy
>>>
>>>                 /Buckley/upheld independent expenditure reports
>>>                 after limiting them to express advocacy
>>>                 communications thus /protecting/ issue advocacy.
>>>                 /McConnell/ and /Citizens United/ upheld
>>>                 electioneering communications reporting after being
>>>                 convinced by studies that ECs were the functional
>>>                 equivalent of express advocacy -- /not/ genuine
>>>                 issue advocacy.
>>>
>>>                 So there is actually no Supreme Court precedent
>>>                 approving the reporting of issue advocacy or grass
>>>                 root lobbying at all, only cases limiting campaign
>>>                 finance reporting to express advocacy or its
>>>                 functional equivalent.  Jim Bopp
>>>
>>>                 In a message dated 8/23/2013 4:41:01 P.M. Eastern
>>>                 Daylight Time, PRyan at campaignlegalcenter.org
>>>                 <mailto:PRyan at campaignlegalcenter.org> writes:
>>>
>>>                     Mr. Lycan,
>>>
>>>                     I’m not writing to express an opinion regarding
>>>                     the KY Legislative Ethics Commission
>>>                     recommendation you wrote about—I haven’t given
>>>                     it any thought.  And I’m not familiar with
>>>                     similar legislation elsewhere. I’m only writing
>>>                     to explain that the Supreme Court for decades
>>>                     has applied different scrutiny to, and has
>>>                     recognized different governmental interests
>>>                     supporting, reporting/disclosure requirements
>>>                     vis-à-vis direct limits on political
>>>                     contributions and spending. The Court has struck
>>>                     down limits on contributions and expenditures,
>>>                     while upholding disclosure requirements
>>>                     applicable to issue advocacy.
>>>
>>>                     In /Citizens Against Rent Control/, a case you
>>>                     cite, the Court struck down a limit on
>>>                     contributions to ballot measure committees and,
>>>                     in doing so, noted approvingly the
>>>                     reporting/disclosure requirements applicable to
>>>                     the plaintiff ballot measure committee’s issue
>>>                     advocacy.  The Court wrote:
>>>
>>>                     “Notwithstanding /Buckley/ and /Bellotti/, the
>>>                     city of Berkeley argues that § 602 is necessary
>>>                     as a prophylactic measure to make known the
>>>                     identity of supporters and opponents of ballot
>>>                     measures. It is true that when individuals or
>>>                     corporations speak through committees, they
>>>                     often adopt seductive names that may tend to
>>>                     conceal the true identity of the source. *_Here,
>>>                     there is no risk that the Berkeley voters will
>>>                     be in doubt as to the identity of those whose
>>>                     money supports or opposes a given ballot measure
>>>                     since contributors must make their identities
>>>                     known under § 112 of the ordinance, which
>>>                     requires publication of lists of contributors in
>>>                     advance of the voting._* See n. 4, /supra./” 454
>>>                     U.S. at 498 (emphasis added).
>>>
>>>                     Similarly, in the other cases you cite—/WRTL/
>>>                     and /Citizens United/—the Court invalidated
>>>                     spending limits . . . NOT disclosure
>>>                     requirements. And in /Citizens United/, the
>>>                     Court explicitly upheld a challenged disclosure
>>>                     requirement. In doing so, the /Citizens United/
>>>                     Court explicitly rejected the argument that
>>>                     disclosure must be limited to express candidate
>>>                     advocacy and cited its decision in /U.S. v.
>>>                     Harriss/ upholding grassroots lobbying
>>>                     disclosure requirements. The Court wrote:
>>>
>>>                     “The Court has explained that disclosure is a
>>>                     less restrictive alternative to more
>>>                     comprehensive regulations of speech. See,
>>>                     /e.g.,/ /MCFL,/
>>>                     <http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1986161155>479
>>>                     U.S., at 262, 107 S.Ct. 616.
>>>                     <http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1986161155>
>>>                     In /Buckley,/ the Court upheld a disclosure
>>>                     requirement for independent expenditures even
>>>                     though it invalidated a provision that imposed a
>>>                     ceiling on those expenditures. 424 U.S., at
>>>                     75–76, 96 S.Ct. 612.
>>>                     <http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1976142308>
>>>                     In /McConnell,/ three Justices who would have
>>>                     found § 441b
>>>                     <http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000546&DocName=2USCAS441B&FindType=L>
>>>                     to be unconstitutional nonetheless voted to
>>>                     uphold BCRA's disclosure and disclaimer
>>>                     requirements. 540 U.S., at 321, 124 S.Ct. 619
>>>                     <http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=2003909967>
>>>                     (opinion of KENNEDY, J., joined by Rehnquist,
>>>                     C.J., and SCALIA, J.). And the Court has upheld
>>>                     registration and disclosure requirements on
>>>                     lobbyists, even though Congress has no power to
>>>                     ban lobbying itself. /United States v. Harriss,/
>>>                     <http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1954120885>347
>>>                     U.S. 612, 625, 74 S.Ct. 808, 98 L.Ed. 989 (1954)
>>>                     <http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=dfa1.0&vr=2.0&DB=708&FindType=Y&SerialNum=1954120885>
>>>                     (Congress “has merely provided for a modicum of
>>>                     information from those who for hire attempt to
>>>                     influence legislation or who collect or spend
>>>                     funds for that purpose”). For these reasons, we
>>>                     reject Citizens United's contention that the
>>>                     disclosure requirements must be limited to
>>>                     speech that is the functional equivalent of
>>>                     express advocacy.” 558 U.S. at 369.
>>>
>>>                     Regardless of what one thinks of the KY
>>>                     Legislative Ethics Commission recommended
>>>                     reporting/disclosure requirement, a court
>>>                     would/should apply a different constitutional
>>>                     analysis than the analyses employed in the
>>>                     contribution and spending limit cases you cite.
>>>                     Best,
>>>
>>>                     Paul Seamus Ryan
>>>
>>>                     Senior Counsel
>>>
>>>                     The Campaign Legal Center
>>>
>>>                     215 E Street NE
>>>
>>>                     Washington, DC 20002
>>>
>>>                     Ph. (202) 736-2200 ext. 214
>>>                     <tel:%28202%29%20736-2200%20ext.%20214>
>>>
>>>                     Mobile Ph. (202) 262-7315 <tel:%28202%29%20262-7315>
>>>
>>>                     Fax (202) 736-2222
>>>
>>>                     Website: http://www.campaignlegalcenter.org/
>>>
>>>                     Blog: http://www.clcblog.org/
>>>
>>>                     To sign up for the CLC Blog, visit:
>>>                     http://www.campaignlegalcenter.org/index.php?option=com_forme&fid=1&Itemid=63
>>>
>>>                     Follow us on Twitter @CampaignLegal
>>>                     <http://bit.ly/j8Q1bg>
>>>
>>>                     Become a fan on Facebook <http://on.fb.me/jroDv2>
>>>
>>>                     *From:*law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>                     <mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>
>>>                     [mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu]
>>>                     *On Behalf Of *Eric Lycan
>>>                     *Sent:* Friday, August 23, 2013 3:49 PM
>>>                     *To:* Rick Hasen; law-election at UCI.edu
>>>                     <mailto:law-election at UCI.edu>
>>>                     *Subject:* [EL] KY Legislative Ethics proposal
>>>                     to require reporting of grassroots lobbying
>>>
>>>                     *A KY political newspaper reports that the
>>>                     Legislative Ethics Commission (which regulates
>>>                     lobbyists, gift rules, etc.) has made
>>>                     recommendations to adopt new legislation. Much
>>>                     of it is unsurprising, but it also includes the
>>>                     following language:*
>>>
>>>                     **
>>>
>>>                     */“Recommendation: Require reporting of the Cost
>>>                     of advertising which appears during a session of
>>>                     the General Assembly, and which supports or
>>>                     opposes legislation, if the cost is paid by a
>>>                     lobbyist's employer or a person affiliated with
>>>                     an employer.”/*
>>>
>>>                     **
>>>
>>>                     *This seems of very dubious constitutionality
>>>                     (see, e.g., Citizens Against Rent Control v
>>>                     Berkeley, WRTL, Citizens United, etc.).  If the
>>>                     state cannot prohibit independent, express
>>>                     candidate advocacy, it is hard to justify
>>>                     significant regulation of pure grassroots
>>>                     advocacy.  I would like to read other thoughts,
>>>                     though, on the extent to which the reporting
>>>                     requirement might survive challenge as a
>>>                     justifiable speech restriction. Does the fact
>>>                     that is applies only to employers of lobbyists
>>>                     alter the corruption rationale analysis?  Is
>>>                     mere reporting an insignificant burden?  Is
>>>                     anyone aware of similar legislation elsewhere,
>>>                     or a challenge to such? *
>>>
>>>                     **
>>>
>>>                     *Thanks.*
>>>
>>>                     **
>>>
>>>                     **
>>>
>>>                     **
>>>
>>>                     */D. Eric Lycan/*
>>>                     Steptoe & Johnson PLLC
>>>                     2525 Harrodsburg Road, Suite 300
>>>
>>>                     Lexington, KY 40504
>>>                     O: 859-219-8213 F: 304-933-8715 C: 859-621-8888
>>>                     /_Eric.Lycan at Steptoe-Johnson.com
>>>                     <mailto:Eric.Lycan at Steptoe-Johnson.com>_/
>>>                     www.steptoe-johnson.com
>>>                     <http://www.steptoe-johnson.com/>
>>>
>>>                     Twitter:/@KYcampaignlaw/
>>>
>>>                     cid:image001.png at 01CE1F1F.E190E620
>>>
>>>                     **
>>>
>>>                     *From:*law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>                     <mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>
>>>                     [mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu]
>>>                     *On Behalf Of *Rick Hasen
>>>                     *Sent:* Friday, August 23, 2013 1:04 AM
>>>                     *To:* law-election at UCI.edu
>>>                     <mailto:law-election at UCI.edu>
>>>                     *Subject:* [EL] ELB News and Commentary 8/23/13
>>>
>>>
>>>                         Law and Political Process Study Group Panel
>>>                         at APSA on Shelby County
>>>                         <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54746>
>>>
>>>                     Posted onAugust 22, 2013 8:03 pm
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54746> by Rick
>>>                     Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
>>>
>>>                     I hope to see many of you in Chicago:
>>>
>>>                     Law and Political Process Study Group
>>>                     *Panel 1   The Future of the Voting Rights Act
>>>                     After the Shelby County Case*
>>>
>>>                     Date:
>>>
>>>                     	
>>>
>>>                     Thursday, Aug 29, 2013, 2:00 PM-3:45 PM
>>>
>>>                     	
>>>
>>>                     	
>>>
>>>                      [ ]
>>>
>>>
>>>                     Location:
>>>
>>>                     	
>>>
>>>                     Hilton 4A, 4th Floor
>>>                     *Subject to change.* Check the /Final Program/
>>>                     at the conference.
>>>
>>>
>>>                     Chair(s):
>>>
>>>                     	
>>>
>>>                     Bruce E. Cain
>>>                     Stanford University
>>>
>>>                     Author(s):
>>>
>>>                     	
>>>
>>>                     Regional Differences in Racial Polarization in
>>>                     the 2012 Presidential Election: Implications for
>>>                     the Constitutionality of Section 5 of the Voting
>>>                     Rights Act
>>>
>>>                     Charles Stewart
>>>
>>>                     Massachusetts Institute of Technology
>>>
>>>                       Stephen D. Ansolabehere
>>>
>>>                       Harvard University
>>>
>>>                     Racially Polarized Voting, Dilution, and
>>>                     Preclearance: Post-Shelby County
>>>
>>>                     Richard L. Engstrom
>>>
>>>                     Duke University
>>>
>>>                     Shelby County and the Illusion of Minimalism
>>>
>>>                     Richard L. Hasen
>>>
>>>                     University of California-Irvine
>>>
>>>                     The Constitutional Structure of Voting Rights
>>>                     Enforcement
>>>
>>>                     Franita Tolson
>>>
>>>                     Florida State University
>>>
>>>                     Discussant(s):
>>>
>>>                     	
>>>
>>>                     Luis Ricardo Fraga
>>>                     University of Washington,
>>>                     Guy-Uriel Charles
>>>                     Duke University School of Law
>>>
>>>                     http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54746&title=Law
>>>                     and Political Process Study Group Panel at APSA
>>>                     on Shelby County&description=
>>>                     <http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Felectionlawblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D54746&title=Law%20and%20Political%20Process%20Study%20Group%20Panel%20at%20APSA%20on%20Shelby%20County&description=>
>>>
>>>                     Posted inVoting Rights Act
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15> |Comments Off
>>>
>>>
>>>                         “U.S. Is Suing in Texas Cases Over Voting by
>>>                         Minorities”
>>>                         <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54743>
>>>
>>>                     Posted onAugust 22, 2013 5:50 pm
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54743> by Rick
>>>                     Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
>>>
>>>                     Charlie Savage reports
>>>                     <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/23/us/politics/justice-dept-moves-to-protect-minority-voters-in-texas.html?hp>for
>>>                     the /NYT./
>>>
>>>                     http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54743&title=“U.S.
>>>                     Is Suing in Texas Cases Over Voting by
>>>                     Minorities”&description=
>>>                     <http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Felectionlawblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D54743&title=%E2%80%9CU.S.%20Is%20Suing%20in%20Texas%20Cases%20Over%20Voting%20by%20Minorities%E2%80%9D&description=>
>>>
>>>                     Posted inDepartment of Justice
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=26>, election
>>>                     administration
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=18>,
>>>                     redistricting
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=6>, Supreme
>>>                     Court <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=29>, The
>>>                     Voting Wars
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=60>, voter id
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=9>, Voting
>>>                     Rights Act <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15>
>>>                     |Comments Off
>>>
>>>
>>>                         “Prosecutors charge 2 campaign aides for
>>>                         Miami mayoral candidate Francis Suarez in
>>>                         absentee-ballot probe”
>>>                         <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54740>
>>>
>>>                     Posted onAugust 22, 2013 5:48 pm
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54740> by Rick
>>>                     Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
>>>
>>>                     Miami Herald
>>>                     <http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/22/3580232/prosecutors-charge-2-campaign.html>:
>>>                     “Miami-Dade prosecutors on Thursday charged two
>>>                     political operatives for Miami mayoral candidate
>>>                     Francis Suarez — including his campaign manager
>>>                     — with unlawfully submitting absentee-ballot
>>>                     requests online on behalf of voters….Francis
>>>                     Suarez, a sitting city commissioner and lawyer,
>>>                     was cleared of any wrongdoing during the
>>>                     investigation, according to the Miami-Dade state
>>>                     attorney’s office. His only involvement was
>>>                     advising his campaign to seek legal advice to
>>>                     make sure any online requests did not run afoul
>>>                     of the law.”
>>>
>>>                     http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54740&title=“Prosecutors
>>>                     charge 2 campaign aides for Miami mayoral
>>>                     candidate Francis Suarez in absentee-ballot
>>>                     probe”&description=
>>>                     <http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Felectionlawblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D54740&title=%E2%80%9CProsecutors%20charge%202%20campaign%20aides%20for%20Miami%20mayoral%20candidate%20Francis%20Suarez%20in%20absentee-ballot%20probe%E2%80%9D&description=>
>>>
>>>                     Posted inabsentee ballots
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=53>, campaigns
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=59>, chicanery
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=12> |Comments Off
>>>
>>>
>>>                         “Justice Department Sues Texas Over Voter ID
>>>                         Law” <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54737>
>>>
>>>                     Posted onAugust 22, 2013 5:45 pm
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54737> by Rick
>>>                     Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
>>>
>>>                     WaPo reports
>>>                     <http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/justice-department-sues-texas-over-voter-id-law/2013/08/22/ac654a68-0b4b-11e3-9941-6711ed662e71_story.html>.
>>>
>>>                     http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54737&title=“Justice
>>>                     Department Sues Texas Over Voter ID
>>>                     Law”&description=
>>>                     <http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Felectionlawblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D54737&title=%E2%80%9CJustice%20Department%20Sues%20Texas%20Over%20Voter%20ID%20Law%E2%80%9D&description=>
>>>
>>>                     Posted inDepartment of Justice
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=26>, The Voting
>>>                     Wars <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=60>, voter
>>>                     id <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=9>, Voting
>>>                     Rights Act <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15>
>>>                     |Comments Off
>>>
>>>
>>>                         More Analysis of DOJ Filings Against Texas
>>>                         <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54734>
>>>
>>>                     Posted onAugust 22, 2013 4:29 pm
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54734> by Rick
>>>                     Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
>>>
>>>                     Zack Roth
>>>                     <http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/08/22/justice-department-sues-to-block-texas-voter-id-law/>
>>>
>>>                     Lyle Denniston
>>>                     <http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/08/u-s-sues-texas-over-voter-id/>
>>>
>>>                     http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54734&title=More
>>>                     Analysis of DOJ Filings Against
>>>                     Texas&description=
>>>                     <http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Felectionlawblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D54734&title=More%20Analysis%20of%20DOJ%20Filings%20Against%20Texas&description=>
>>>
>>>                     Posted inDepartment of Justice
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=26>, The Voting
>>>                     Wars <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=60>,
>>>                     Voting Rights Act
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15> |Comments Off
>>>
>>>
>>>                         “Campaign Finance and the Cost of Doing
>>>                         Business” <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54732>
>>>
>>>                     Posted onAugust 22, 2013 4:26 pm
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54732> by Rick
>>>                     Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
>>>
>>>                     Steve Klein
>>>                     <http://wyliberty.org/feature/campaign-finance-and-the-cost-of-doing-business/>on
>>>                     the McCain campaign conciliation agreement.
>>>
>>>                     http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54732&title=“Campaign
>>>                     Finance and the Cost of Doing
>>>                     Business”&description=
>>>                     <http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Felectionlawblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D54732&title=%E2%80%9CCampaign%20Finance%20and%20the%20Cost%20of%20Doing%20Business%E2%80%9D&description=>
>>>
>>>                     Posted incampaign finance
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10> |Comments Off
>>>
>>>
>>>                         And We’re Back to the “Messes with Texas”
>>>                         Headlines <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54730>
>>>
>>>                     Posted onAugust 22, 2013 4:18 pm
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54730> by Rick
>>>                     Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
>>>
>>>                     /The Week/
>>>                     <http://theweek.com/article/index/248642/the-justice-department-messes-with-texas-over-its-voter-id-law>
>>>                     on today’s DOJ move.
>>>
>>>                     http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54730&title=And
>>>                     We’re Back to the “Messes with Texas”
>>>                     Headlines&description=
>>>                     <http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Felectionlawblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D54730&title=And%20We%E2%80%99re%20Back%20to%20the%20%E2%80%9CMesses%20with%20Texas%E2%80%9D%20Headlines&description=>
>>>
>>>                     Posted inDepartment of Justice
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=26>, The Voting
>>>                     Wars <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=60>, voter
>>>                     id <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=9>, Voting
>>>                     Rights Act <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15>
>>>                     |Comments Off
>>>
>>>
>>>                         “Eric Holder Sues Texas Over Voter ID.
>>>                         Here’s Why It’s a Long Shot.”
>>>                         <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54727>
>>>
>>>                     Posted onAugust 22, 2013 4:16 pm
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54727> by Rick
>>>                     Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
>>>
>>>                     TNR reports
>>>                     <http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114436/eric-holder-sues-texas-over-voter-id-law-why-he-might-lose>.
>>>
>>>                     http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http://electionlawblog.org/?p=54727&title=“Eric
>>>                     Holder Sues Texas Over Voter ID. Here’s Why
>>>                     It’s a Long Shot.”&description=
>>>                     <http://www.addtoany.com/share_save#url=http%3A%2F%2Felectionlawblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D54727&title=%E2%80%9CEric%20Holder%20Sues%20Texas%20Over%20Voter%20ID.%20Here%E2%80%99s%20Why%20It%E2%80%99s%20a%20Long%20Shot.%E2%80%9D&description=>
>>>
>>>                     Posted inDepartment of Justice
>>>                     <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=26>, Voting
>>>                     Rights Act <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15>
>>>                     |Comments Off
>>>
>>>                     -- 
>>>
>>>                     Rick Hasen
>>>
>>>                     Chancellor's Professor of Law and Political Science
>>>
>>>                     UC Irvine School of Law
>>>
>>>                     401 E. Peltason Dr., Suite 1000
>>>
>>>                     Irvine, CA 92697-8000
>>>
>>>                     949.824.3072 - office
>>>
>>>                     949.824.0495 - fax
>>>
>>>                     rhasen at law.uci.edu  <mailto:rhasen at law.uci.edu>
>>>
>>>                     http://www.law.uci.edu/faculty/full-time/hasen/
>>>
>>>                     http://electionlawblog.org  <http://electionlawblog.org/>
>>>
>>>                     ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>>
>>>
>>>                     Steptoe & Johnson PLLC Note:
>>>                     This e-mail and any attachments are confidential
>>>                     and may be protected by legal privilege. If you
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>>>                     you have received this e-mail in error, please
>>>                     notify us immediately by returning it to the
>>>                     sender and delete this copy from your system.
>>>                     Also, In accordance with I.R.S. Circular 230, we
>>>                     advise you that any tax advice in this email is
>>>                     not intended or written to be used, and cannot
>>>                     be used, by any recipient for the avoidance of
>>>                     penalties under federal tax laws. Thank you for
>>>                     your cooperation.
>>>
>>>                     =
>>>
>>>                     _______________________________________________
>>>                     Law-election mailing list
>>>                     Law-election at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>                     <mailto:Law-election at department-lists.uci.edu>
>>>                     http://department-lists.uci.edu/mailman/listinfo/law-election
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>>>             This e-mail and any attachments are confidential and may
>>>             be protected by legal privilege. If you are not the
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>>>             attachment is prohibited. If you have received this
>>>             e-mail in error, please notify us immediately by
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>>>             230, we advise you that any tax advice in this email is
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>>>             by any recipient for the avoidance of penalties under
>>>             federal tax laws. Thank you for your cooperation.
>>>
>>>
>>>             _______________________________________________
>>>             Law-election mailing list
>>>             Law-election at department-lists.uci.edu
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>>>
>>>
>>>         _______________________________________________
>>>         Law-election mailing list
>>>         Law-election at department-lists.uci.edu
>>>         http://department-lists.uci.edu/mailman/listinfo/law-election
>>
>>         -- 
>>         Rick Hasen
>>         Chancellor's Professor of Law and Political Science
>>         UC Irvine School of Law
>>         401 E. Peltason Dr., Suite 1000
>>         Irvine, CA 92697-8000
>>         949.824.3072 - office
>>         949.824.0495 - fax
>>         rhasen at law.uci.edu
>>         hhttp://www.law.uci.edu/faculty/full-time/hasen/
>>         http://electionlawblog.org
>>
>>
>>
>>         _______________________________________________
>>         Law-election mailing list
>>         Law-election at department-lists.uci.edu
>>         http://department-lists.uci.edu/mailman/listinfo/law-election
>>
>
>     -- 
>     Rick Hasen
>     Chancellor's Professor of Law and Political Science
>     UC Irvine School of Law
>     401 E. Peltason Dr., Suite 1000
>     Irvine, CA 92697-8000
>     949.824.3072 - office
>     949.824.0495 - fax
>     rhasen at law.uci.edu
>     hhttp://www.law.uci.edu/faculty/full-time/hasen/
>     http://electionlawblog.org
>

-- 
Rick Hasen
Chancellor's Professor of Law and Political Science
UC Irvine School of Law
401 E. Peltason Dr., Suite 1000
Irvine, CA 92697-8000
949.824.3072 - office
949.824.0495 - fax
rhasen at law.uci.edu
hhttp://www.law.uci.edu/faculty/full-time/hasen/
http://electionlawblog.org

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