[EL] ELB News and Commentary 1/3/13
Rick Hasen
rhasen at law.uci.edu
Thu Jan 3 20:36:55 PST 2013
"Verrilli Urges Supreme Court to Uphold Cap on Federal Campaign
Contributions" <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45881>
Posted on January 3, 2013 8:31 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45881>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Bloomberg BNA
<http://news.bna.com/mpdm/MPDMWB/split_display.adp?fedfid=29016852&vname=mpebulallissues&jd=a0d5x0p9k8&split=0>:
"The Supreme Court was urged to uphold the aggregate limit on federal
campaign contributions in a Jan. 2 government filing
<http://www.fec.gov/law/litigation/mccutcheon_sc_fec_mtd.pdf>. The
filing came in response to a challenge pending before the high court
brought by the Republican National Committee and GOP contributor Shaun
McCutcheon (McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, U.S., No. 12-536,
motion to dismiss or affirm filed 1/2/13)."
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Posted in campaign finance <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10> |
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"Supreme Court to Consider Campaign Finance Case Friday"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45879>
Posted on January 3, 2013 8:30 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45879>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
CCP backgrounder
<http://www.campaignfreedom.org/2013/01/03/supreme-court-to-consider-campaign-finance-case-friday/>
on /Real Truth About Abortion/ cert petition.
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Posted in campaign finance <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10> |
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"FEC Needs To Enforce Campaign Finance Law"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45876>
Posted on January 3, 2013 8:25 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45876>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Meredith McGehee vlogs
<http://politix.topix.com/homepage/4011-fec-needs-to-enforce-campaign-finance-law>
at Politix.
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"Op-Ed: Harry Reid's filibuster plan and the Supreme Court"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45873>
Posted on January 3, 2013 8:23 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45873>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Steven Duffield:
The most dramatic impact of the Reid Plan will be with regard to the
Supreme Court, where the House of Representatives plays no
constitutional role. President Obama will likely fill between one
and three Supreme Court vacancies in the next four years, and he
will be under enormous pressure from his base to nominate
doctrinaire liberals who will reverse the decision upholding the
partial-birth abortion ban, weaken personal liberties protected in
the Bill of Rights, and eliminate the modest limitations on
congressional power that the Rehnquist and Roberts courts have restored.
Senate conservatives will strongly oppose such a nominee.
Conservatives already used their rights to extend debate to
effectively block lower-court nominees such as "living Constitution"
advocate Goodwin Liu and the highly controversial Caitlin Halligan.
Each will be on the president's shortlist for the Supreme Court. Yet
if the Reid Plan is in effect, senators will be powerless to prevent
the appointment of Liu, Halligan or similar judicial activists,
because the 60-vote threshold will be gone and Obama's party will
just fall in line behind his choice.
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Posted in legislation and legislatures
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=27>, political parties
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=25>, political polarization
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=68>, Supreme Court
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=29> | Comments Off
"Merkley, Udall Release Filibuster Reform Plan, Claim Between 48 and
51 Votes" <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45869>
Posted on January 3, 2013 8:18 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45869>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Weigel reports.
<http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2013/01/03/merkley_udall_release_filibuster_reform_plan_claim_between_48_and_51_votes.html>
<http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2013/01/03/merkley_udall_release_filibuster_reform_plan_claim_between_48_and_51_votes.html>
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Posted in legislation and legislatures
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=27> | Comments Off
"States Target Politically Active Nonprofits"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45867>
Posted on January 3, 2013 8:17 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45867>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Roll Call reports.
<http://www.rollcall.com/news/states_target_politically_active_nonprofits-220544-1.html?pos=hbtxt>
<http://www.rollcall.com/news/states_target_politically_active_nonprofits-220544-1.html?pos=hbtxt>
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"'Straw Company' Complaints to FEC & DOJ Supplemented With
Additional Information Regarding Funder & FreedomWorks' Role"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45862>
Posted on January 3, 2013 8:01 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45862>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
See this press release.
<http://www.campaignlegalcenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2004:january-3-2013-straw-company-complaints-to-fec-a-doj-supplemented-with-additional-information-regarding-funder-a-freedomworks-role-&catid=63:legal-center-press-releases&Itemid=61>
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d%0A%0AArizona%2C%20Georgia%2C%20South%20Carolina%20and%20South%20Dakota%0A%0ACato%20Institute%0A%0AFormer%20Government%20Officials%0A%0AJohn%20Nix%2C%20Anthony%20Cuomo%0Aand%20Dr.%20Abigail%20Thernstrom%0A%0AJudicial%20Education%20Project%0A%0AJustice%20and%20Freedom%20Fund%0A%0ALandmark%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0AMountain%20States%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0ANational%20Black%20Chamber%20of%20Commerce%0A%0APacific%20Legal%20Foundation%2C%20Center%20for%20Equal%20Opportunity%2C%20and%20American%20Civil%20Rights%20Foundation%0A%0AProject%2021%0A%0AReason%20Foundation%0A%0ASoutheastern%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0ATexas%0A%0AHere%20is%20how%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20brief%20begins%3A%0A%0A%20%20%20%20In%202013%2C%20there%20should%20not%20be%20the%20Uncovered%20States%20of%20America%20and%20the%20Covered%20States%20of%20America.%20There%20should%20be%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America.%20Other%20States%20have%20persuasively%20explained%20why%20their%20experiences%20support%20this%20proposition.%20This%20brief%20provides%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20own%2C%20unique%20perspective.%20George%20Wallace%20and%20Bull%20Connor%20used%20to%20be%20in%20Alabama%2C%20and%20Selma%20and%20the%20Edmund%20Pettus%20Bridge%20still%20are.%20These%20people%20and%20places%20were%20particularly%20responsible%20for%20making%20the%20preclearance%20mechanism%20necessary%20and%20appropriate%20in%201965.%20Things%20that%20have%20happened%20in%20Alabama%20in%20the%20meantime%20should%20thus%20be%20particularly%20instructive%20in%20determining%20whether%20Congress%20can%20employ%20the%20same%20extraordinary%20measure%20now.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20experience%20on%20these%20fronts%20is%20consistent%20with%20the%20Court%E2%80%99s%20assessment%20four%20Terms%20ago.%20Things%20in%20the%20South%20have%2C%20indeed%2C%20changed.%20See%20Nw.%20Austin%20Mun.%20Utility%20Dist.%20No.%20One%20v.%20Holder%2C%20557%20U.S.%20193%2C%20202%20%282009%29.%20Alabama%20has%20a%20new%20generation%20of%20leaders%20with%20no%20connection%20to%20the%20tragic%20events%20of%201965.%20The%20effects%20of%20those%20events%20on%20voting%20and%20political%20representation%20have%20now%2C%20thankfully%2C%20faded%20away.%20These%20on-the-ground%20realities%20show%20that%20the%202006%20Congress%20abdicated%20its%20constitutional%20responsibilities%20when%20it%20simply%20reimposed%2C%20on%20Alabama%20and%20other%20States%20ready%20to%20be%20equal%20partners%20in%20the%20Union%2C%20burdens%20that%20previously%20were%20necessary%20and%20appropriate%20only%20because%20of%20a%20defiance%20and%20recalcitrance%20whose%20vestiges%20no%20longer%20exist.%0A%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20Department%20of%20Justice%2C%20Supreme%20Court%2C%20Voting%20Rights%20Act%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CDirector%E2%80%99s%20Note%3A%20Resolutions%20for%202013%E2%80%B3%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A49%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0ADoug%20Chapin%20reflects%20at%20Electionline%20Weekly.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20election%20administration%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CQualcomm%20Sued%20Over%20Political-Giving%20Records%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A41%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0AWSJ%3A%20%E2%80%9CNew%20York%E2%80%99s%20public%20pension%20fund%20filed%20a%20lawsuit%20against%20Qualcomm%20Inc.%20in%20an%20unusual%20effort%20to%20force%20the%20wireless-technology%20company%20to%20disclose%20what%20it%20spends%20on%20political%20causes.%20The%20lawsuit%2C%20which%20legal%20experts%20say%20could%20have%20a%20significant%20impact%20on%20corporate%20political%20giving%2C%20alleges%20that%20Qualcomm%20has%20declined%20to%20disclose%20its%20political%20donations%2C%20despite%20a%20formal%20request%20by%20the%20pension%20fund%20and%20other%20institutional%20investors.%20The%20fund%2C%20invoking%20a%20Delaware%20law%20that%20requires%20certain%20corporate%20disclosures%2C%20wants%20the%20company%20to%20open%20up%20its%20books%20and%20records%20so%20it%20can%20see%20how%20much%20Qualcomm%20donates.%E2%80%9D%0A%0AUPDATE%3A%20See%20also%20this%20NY%20Times%20report.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20campaign%20finance%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CAllow%20the%20Oscars%20to%20explain%20why%20we%20should%20never%2C%20ever%20e-vote%20in%20a%20national%20election%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A35%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0ABoing%20boing%20explains.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20internet%20voting%2C%20voting%20technology%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CU.S.%20Supreme%20Court%20Poised%20To%20Determine%20Constitutionality%20of%20Section%205%20of%20the%20Voting%20Rights%20Act%3B%20Merced%20County%20Files%20Amicus%20Brief%20Defending%20Its%20Bailout%20From%20Section%205%20Coverage.%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A28%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0APress%20release%3A%0A%0A%20%20%20%20On%20January%202%2C%202013%2C%20two%20of%20Nielsen%20Merksamer%E2%80%99s%20leading%20voting%20rights%20experts%2C%20Marguerite%20Leoni%20and%20Chris%20Skinnell%2C%20filed%20an%20amicus%20curiae%20brief%20in%20the%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%2C%20in%20the%20pending%20constitutional%20challenge%20to%20Section%205%20of%20the%20federal%20Voting%20Rights%20Act%20%28Shelby%20County%2C%20Ala.%20v.%20Holder%29%E2%80%A6.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20In%20August%20of%202012%2C%20after%20more%20than%20two%20years%20of%20investigation%2C%20the%20United%20States%20Attorney%20General%20found%20that%20Merced%20County%20met%20the%20criteria%2C%20and%20consented%20to%20Merced%20County%E2%80%99s%20bailout.%20Marguerite%20and%20Chris%20represented%20the%20County%20in%20the%20bailout%20action.%20%20The%20bailout%20also%20had%20coattails%2C%20freeing%20more%20than%2080%20cities%2C%20school%20districts%20and%20special%20districts%20with%20territory%20in%20the%20County%20from%20the%20need%20to%20comply%20with%20Section%205%E2%80%B2s%20preclearance%20obligation.%20%20Merced%20County%E2%80%99s%20was%20far%20and%20away%20the%20largest%20and%20most%20complex%20bailout%20action%20to%20be%20approved%20by%20the%20United%20States%20District%20Court%20for%20the%20District%20of%20Columbia%20since%20the%20bailout%20criteria%20were%20last%20amended%20by%20Congress%20in%201982.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20The%20purpose%20of%20Merced%20County%E2%80%99s%20just-filed%20amicus%20brief%20was%20to%20provide%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20with%20information%20regarding%20Merced%20County%E2%80%99s%20successful%20Section%205%20bailout%2C%20and%20to%20respond%20to%20attacks%20on%20the%20County%E2%80%99s%20bailout%20in%20recent%20press%20coverage%20and%20court%20filings%2C%20which%20suggest%20that%20the%20County%20was%20not%20entitled%20to%20bail%20out%2C%20and%20the%20Attorney%20General%20permitted%20the%20County%20to%20bail%20out%20improperly%20to%20support%20his%20argument%20that%20bailout%20is%20a%20viable%20option.>
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Numerous Amicus Briefs, Including by Some Covered States, Filed
Against Constitutionality of Voting Rights Act Section 5, in Shelby
County Case <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45857>
Posted on January 3, 2013 7:51 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45857>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Via the Project on Fair Representation
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/> (representing Shelby County):
*Amicus Briefs*
Alabama
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Alabama.pdf>
Alaska
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Alaska.pdf>
American Unity Legal Defense Fund
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-American-Unity-Legal-Defense-Fund.pdf>
Arizona, Georgia, South Carolina and South Dakota
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Arizona-Georgia-South-Carolina-and-South-Dakota.pdf>
Cato Institute
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Cato-Institute.pdf>
Former Government Officials
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Former-Government-Officials.pdf>
John Nix, Anthony Cuomo
and Dr. Abigail Thernstrom
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-John-Nix-Anthony-Cuomo-and-Dr-Abigail-Thernstrom.pdf>
Judicial Education Project
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Judicial-Education-Project.pdf>
Justice and Freedom Fund
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Justice-and-Freedom-Fund.pdf>
Landmark Legal Foundation
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Landmark-Legal-Foundation.pdf>
Mountain States Legal Foundation
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Mountain-States-Legal-Foundation.pdf>
National Black Chamber of Commerce
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-National-Black-Chamber-of-Commerce.pdf>
Pacific Legal Foundation, Center for Equal Opportunity, and American
Civil Rights Foundation
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Pacific-Legal-Foundation-Center-for-Equal-Opportunity-and-American-Civil-Rights-Foundation.pdf>
Project 21
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Project-21.pdf>
Reason Foundation
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Reason-Foundation.pdf>
Southeastern Legal Foundation
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Southeastern-Legal-Foundation.pdf>
Texas
<http://www.projectonfairrepresentation.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Shelby-County-v-Holder-Amicus-Brief-Texas.pdf>
Here is how Alabama's brief begins:
In 2013, there should not be the Uncovered States of America and the
Covered States of America. There should be the United States of
America. Other States have persuasively explained why their
experiences support this proposition. This brief provides Alabama's
own, unique perspective. George Wallace and Bull Connor used to be
in Alabama, and Selma and the Edmund Pettus Bridge still are. These
people and places were particularly responsible for making the
preclearance mechanism necessary and appropriate in 1965. Things
that have happened in Alabama in the meantime should thus be
particularly instructive in determining whether Congress can employ
the same extraordinary measure now.
Alabama's experience on these fronts is consistent with the Court's
assessment four Terms ago. Things in the South have, indeed,
changed. See Nw. Austin Mun. Utility Dist. No. One v. Holder, 557
U.S. 193, 202 (2009). Alabama has a new generation of leaders with
no connection to the tragic events of 1965. The effects of those
events on voting and political representation have now, thankfully,
faded away. These on-the-ground realities show that the 2006
Congress abdicated its constitutional responsibilities when it
simply reimposed, on Alabama and other States ready to be equal
partners in the Union, burdens that previously were necessary and
appropriate only because of a defiance and recalcitrance whose
vestiges no longer exist.
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amicus%20curiae%20brief%20in%20the%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%2C%20in%20the%20pending%20constitutional%20challenge%20to%20Section%205%20of%20the%20federal%20Voting%20Rights%20Act%20%28Shelby%20County%2C%20Ala.%20v.%20Holder%29%E2%80%A6.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20In%20August%20of%202012%2C%20after%20more%20than%20two%20years%20of%20investigation%2C%20the%20United%20States%20Attorney%20General%20found%20that%20Merced%20County%20met%20the%20criteria%2C%20and%20consented%20to%20Merced%20County%E2%80%99s%20bailout.%20Marguerite%20and%20Chris%20represented%20the%20County%20in%20the%20bailout%20action.%20%20The%20bailout%20also%20had%20coattails%2C%20freeing%20more%20than%2080%20cities%2C%20school%20districts%20and%20special%20districts%20with%20territory%20in%20the%20County%20from%20the%20need%20to%20comply%20with%20Section%205%E2%80%B2s%20preclearance%20obligation.%20%20Merced%20County%E2%80%99s%20was%20far%20and%20away%20the%20largest%20and%20most%20complex%20bailout%20action%20to%20be%20approved%20by%20the%20United%20States%20District%20Court%20for%20the%20District%20of%20Columbia%20since%20the%20bailout%20criteria%20were%20last%20amended%20by%20Congress%20in%201982.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20The%20purpose%20of%20Merced%20County%E2%80%99s%20just-filed%20amicus%20brief%20was%20to%20provide%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20with%20information%20regarding%20Merced%20County%E2%80%99s%20successful%20Section%205%20bailout%2C%20and%20to%20respond%20to%20attacks%20on%20the%20County%E2%80%99s%20bailout%20in%20recent%20press%20coverage%20and%20court%20filings%2C%20which%20suggest%20that%20the%20County%20was%20not%20entitled%20to%20bail%20out%2C%20and%20the%20Attorney%20General%20permitted%20the%20County%20to%20bail%20out%20improperly%20to%20support%20his%20argument%20that%20bailout%20is%20a%20viable%20option.>
Posted in Department of Justice <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=26>,
Supreme Court <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=29>, Voting Rights Act
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15> | Comments Off
"Director's Note: Resolutions for 2013?
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45855>
Posted on January 3, 2013 7:49 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45855>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Doug Chapin reflects
<http://www.electionline.org/index.php/electionline-weekly> at
Electionline Weekly.
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Posted in election administration <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=18> |
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"Qualcomm Sued Over Political-Giving Records"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45852>
Posted on January 3, 2013 7:41 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45852>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
WSJ
<http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323374504578219591334177244.html?mod=wsj_share_tweet>:
"New York's public pension fund filed a lawsuit against Qualcomm
<http://online.wsj.com/public/quotes/main.html?type=djn&symbol=QCOM>
Inc. in an unusual effort to force the wireless-technology company to
disclose what it spends on political causes. The lawsuit, which legal
experts say could have a significant impact on corporate political
giving, alleges that Qualcomm has declined to disclose its political
donations, despite a formal request by the pension fund and other
institutional investors. The fund, invoking a Delaware law that requires
certain corporate disclosures, wants the company to open up its books
and records so it can see how much Qualcomm donates."
UPDATE: See also this NY Times report.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/nyregion/new-york-comptroller-sues-qualcomm-for-data-on-political-giving.html?hpw&_r=1&>
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Posted in campaign finance <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10> |
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"Allow the Oscars to explain why we should never, ever e-vote in a
national election" <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45849>
Posted on January 3, 2013 7:35 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45849>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Boing boing explains
<http://boingboing.net/2013/01/02/oscars-e-voting.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+boingboing%2FiBag+%28Boing+Boing%29>.
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%20Dakota%0A%0ACato%20Institute%0A%0AFormer%20Government%20Officials%0A%0AJohn%20Nix%2C%20Anthony%20Cuomo%0Aand%20Dr.%20Abigail%20Thernstrom%0A%0AJudicial%20Education%20Project%0A%0AJustice%20and%20Freedom%20Fund%0A%0ALandmark%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0AMountain%20States%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0ANational%20Black%20Chamber%20of%20Commerce%0A%0APacific%20Legal%20Foundation%2C%20Center%20for%20Equal%20Opportunity%2C%20and%20American%20Civil%20Rights%20Foundation%0A%0AProject%2021%0A%0AReason%20Foundation%0A%0ASoutheastern%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0ATexas%0A%0AHere%20is%20how%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20brief%20begins%3A%0A%0A%20%20%20%20In%202013%2C%20there%20should%20not%20be%20the%20Uncovered%20States%20of%20America%20and%20the%20Covered%20States%20of%20America.%20There%20should%20be%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America.%20Other%20States%20have%20persuasively%20explained%20why%20their%20experiences%20support%20this%20proposition.%20This%20brief%20provides%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20own%2C%20unique%20perspective.%20George%20Wallace%20and%20Bull%20Connor%20used%20to%20be%20in%20Alabama%2C%20and%20Selma%20and%20the%20Edmund%20Pettus%20Bridge%20still%20are.%20These%20people%20and%20places%20were%20particularly%20responsible%20for%20making%20the%20preclearance%20mechanism%20necessary%20and%20appropriate%20in%201965.%20Things%20that%20have%20happened%20in%20Alabama%20in%20the%20meantime%20should%20thus%20be%20particularly%20instructive%20in%20determining%20whether%20Congress%20can%20employ%20the%20same%20extraordinary%20measure%20now.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20experience%20on%20these%20fronts%20is%20consistent%20with%20the%20Court%E2%80%99s%20assessment%20four%20Terms%20ago.%20Things%20in%20the%20South%20have%2C%20indeed%2C%20changed.%20See%20Nw.%20Austin%20Mun.%20Utility%20Dist.%20No.%20One%20v.%20Holder%2C%20557%20U.S.%20193%2C%20202%20%282009%29.%20Alabama%20has%20a%20new%20generation%20of%20leaders%20with%20no%20connection%20to%20the%20tragic%20events%20of%201965.%20The%20effects%20of%20those%20events%20on%20voting%20and%20political%20representation%20have%20now%2C%20thankfully%2C%20faded%20away.%20These%20on-the-ground%20realities%20show%20that%20the%202006%20Congress%20abdicated%20its%20constitutional%20responsibilities%20when%20it%20simply%20reimposed%2C%20on%20Alabama%20and%20other%20States%20ready%20to%20be%20equal%20partners%20in%20the%20Union%2C%20burdens%20that%20previously%20were%20necessary%20and%20appropriate%20only%20because%20of%20a%20defiance%20and%20recalcitrance%20whose%20vestiges%20no%20longer%20exist.%0A%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20Department%20of%20Justice%2C%20Supreme%20Court%2C%20Voting%20Rights%20Act%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CDirector%E2%80%99s%20Note%3A%20Resolutions%20for%202013%E2%80%B3%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A49%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0ADoug%20Chapin%20reflects%20at%20Electionline%20Weekly.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20election%20administration%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CQualcomm%20Sued%20Over%20Political-Giving%20Records%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A41%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0AWSJ%3A%20%E2%80%9CNew%20York%E2%80%99s%20public%20pension%20fund%20filed%20a%20lawsuit%20against%20Qualcomm%20Inc.%20in%20an%20unusual%20effort%20to%20force%20the%20wireless-technology%20company%20to%20disclose%20what%20it%20spends%20on%20political%20causes.%20The%20lawsuit%2C%20which%20legal%20experts%20say%20could%20have%20a%20significant%20impact%20on%20corporate%20political%20giving%2C%20alleges%20that%20Qualcomm%20has%20declined%20to%20disclose%20its%20political%20donations%2C%20despite%20a%20formal%20request%20by%20the%20pension%20fund%20and%20other%20institutional%20investors.%20The%20fund%2C%20invoking%20a%20Delaware%20law%20that%20requires%20certain%20corporate%20disclosures%2C%20wants%20the%20company%20to%20open%20up%20its%20books%20and%20records%20so%20it%20can%20see%20how%20much%20Qualcomm%20donates.%E2%80%9D%0A%0AUPDATE%3A%20See%20also%20this%20NY%20Times%20report.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20campaign%20finance%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CAllow%20the%20Oscars%20to%20explain%20why%20we%20should%20never%2C%20ever%20e-vote%20in%20a%20national%20election%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A35%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0ABoing%20boing%20explains.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20internet%20voting%2C%20voting%20technology%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CU.S.%20Supreme%20Court%20Poised%20To%20Determine%20Constitutionality%20of%20Section%205%20of%20the%20Voting%20Rights%20Act%3B%20Merced%20County%20Files%20Amicus%20Brief%20Defending%20Its%20Bailout%20From%20Section%205%20Coverage.%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A28%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0APress%20release%3A%0A%0A%20%20%20%20On%20January%202%2C%202013%2C%20two%20of%20Nielsen%20Merksamer%E2%80%99s%20leading%20voting%20rights%20experts%2C%20Marguerite%20Leoni%20and%20Chris%20Skinnell%2C%20filed%20an%20amicus%20curiae%20brief%20in%20the%20United%20States%20Sup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Posted in internet voting <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=49>, voting
technology <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=40> | Comments Off
"U.S. Supreme Court Poised To Determine Constitutionality of Section
5 of the Voting Rights Act; Merced County Files Amicus Brief
Defending Its Bailout From Section 5 Coverage."
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45845>
Posted on January 3, 2013 7:28 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45845>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Press release
<http://campaign.r20.constantcontact.com/render?llr=a8kmnheab&v=001Odyl7ekdr1Y0hY6_1pu4SgA5M2Uzy5IUDCncvF_1eBmdagv-FHg2jvk_tYRK-9W9pVFSMtXeSarHO1lepfmDwtHaQixeDdv2F9b4SKIcMCHantjGONOZkEunTGu1fYpanVkwXkZSV6QIJ6eWresl5ZrDWJ5eUswl-GZ49saDcyks1OcpQptAMiyV-k5-Rlvig-FlKa-r4Fc%3D>:
On January 2, 2013, two of Nielsen Merksamer's leading voting rights
experts, Marguerite Leoni and Chris Skinnell, filed an /*amicus
curiae brief
<http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?e=001LXg5PKS0IrQdm78q4pTfbm5CmSRB_ibEcjYxfVLsRV4kHpafP2jYvSVtPBUWovmSF_6EqES0HRonnz9ueOAkKPoGzHJypjcZpDbhMAQ39ajS65KyenuMl714A7pyC9WAMpjB7zZWqH4C85BXYPHGSxvSlRsE5xX->*/
in the United States Supreme Court, in the pending constitutional
challenge to Section 5 of the federal Voting Rights Act (Shelby
County, Ala. v. Holder
<http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?e=001LXg5PKS0IrT_KVcyZ-_LTRF9F2DIG4F3J3mJgjluigAeqblqiaBMyW-_f4jvNtSOBTjmi5OLIyCjnIe0db2jswnag26WfiJvV0FaWl0mGSZwm_XxXKX41a4wq5Yl8m15G2zrkm5MwiTruF8EyKjmIvpYI7bZHYM_MLoviVoAra-5gBVj8uZAdA==>)....
In August of 2012, after more than two years of investigation, the
United States Attorney General found that Merced County met the
criteria, and consented to Merced County's bailout. Marguerite and
Chris represented the County in the bailout action. The bailout
also had coattails, freeing more than 80 cities, school districts
and special districts with territory in the County from the need to
comply with Section 5?s preclearance obligation. Merced County's
was far and away the largest and most complex bailout action to be
approved by the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia since the bailout criteria were last amended by Congress in
1982.
The purpose of Merced County's just-filed amicus brief was to
provide the Supreme Court with information regarding Merced County's
successful Section 5 bailout, and to respond to attacks on the
County's bailout in recent press coverage
<http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?e=001LXg5PKS0IrQGUSgTTDO5BrlRcFzlaDTKVGWUa81xXpJSNWcWFUhWsCjx3PqEdwPfVdraphrMZCaKqYoQ__7o9GekL5ij-vIlNviVYvfsC-fJ0gTYWuVo-YEDdx2xUr4Ix1gJpGfTO0ik1tKGqrW1V4fMd94dfnq_rFSs9PmIuNJNhi8mk6AA8pe2iNctzDp_NkePc4CIS3JT8I4EMUzLXwpdGV7edywYPZCpHWBar5o=>
and court filings, which suggest that the County was not entitled to
bail out, and the Attorney General permitted the County to bail out
improperly to support his argument that bailout is a viable option.
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Posted in Supreme Court <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=29>, Voting
Rights Act <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15> | Comments Off
"C-SPAN apologizes for racy show titles"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45841>
Posted on January 2, 2013 5:16 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45841>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
How
<http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/c-span-apologizes-for-racy-show-titles-85683.html?hp=r10>
"Just Plain Dick" and "I want you to shut the f#ck up" got superimposed
on the C-SPAN "fiscal cliff" debate feed.
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"WyLiberty Attorneys File Appellate Brief in Free Speech Case"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45838>
Posted on January 2, 2013 4:34 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45838>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Press release
<http://wyliberty.org/feature/wyliberty-attorneys-file-appellate-brief-in-free-speech-case/>:
"WyLiberty attorneys filed a brief with the Tenth Circuit Court of
Appeals
<http://wyliberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Free-Speech-v.-FEC-App-Brief.pdf>
in /Free Speech v. Federal Election Commission /
<http://wyliberty.org/legal-center/free-speech-v-federal-election-commission/>(FEC)
in Denver today. The brief argues that the court should reverse a
ruling by Judge Scott Skavdahl of the Wyoming federal district court
that denied a preliminary injunction against FEC regulations that
require Free Speech to register and report as a political committee (PAC)."
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Posted in campaign finance <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=10> |
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"House Ethics Amends Private Travel Rules"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45835>
Posted on January 2, 2013 4:22 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45835>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Roll Call:
<http://www.rollcall.com/news/house_ethics_amends_private_travel_rules-220397-1.html>
The House Ethics Committee announced on Thursday that it has adopted
new regulations for accepting privately financed congressional
travel, including heightened disclosure requirements and earlier
approval deadlines.
The changes were the result of a working group convened by the
committee in the 111th and 112th Congresses and "provide a greater
level of clarity into the requirements and conditions for receiving
the committee's approval to accept privately sponsored travel,"
according to a joint statement from Ethics Chairman Jo Bonner
<http://www.rollcall.com/members/15314.html>, R-Ala., and ranking
member Linda T. Sanchez, D-Calif.
As Roll Call has reported
<http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_26/House_Members_Flock_to_Israel_With_Travel_Loophole_AIPAC-208599-1.html>extensively
in the past, numerous groups linked so closely to lobbying interests
they are all but indistinguishable are increasingly funding
<http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_44/Africa-Trip-Blurs-Lines-On-Travel-Propriety-209590-1.html>
congressional travel in order to promote their agendas. The activity
comes less than five years after Congress placed heightened
restrictions on lobbyist-funded travel in the wake of the Jack
Abramoff lobbying scandal.
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Posted in conflict of interest laws
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=20>, ethics investigations
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=42>, legislation and legislatures
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=27>, lobbying
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=28> | Comments Off
"Conservative Group Attempts To Block New Hampshire's Bailout From
Voting Rights Act" <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45832>
Posted on January 2, 2013 2:11 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45832>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Ryan Reilly reports
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/new-hampshire-voting-rights-act_n_2397801.html?1357163981>
for HuffPo.
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Posted in Department of Justice <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=26>,
election administration <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=18>, Supreme
Court <http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=29>, Voting Rights Act
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=15> | Comments Off
"For Outgoing Lawmakers, Connections Mean Chance to Cash In"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45829>
Posted on January 2, 2013 1:58 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45829>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Open Secrets and CBS News reports
<http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2012/12/for-outgoing-lawmakers-connections.html>.
Meanwhile Sen. Bob Bennett is angry
<http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2013/01/capital-eye-opener-january-2.html>
he had to wait two years after leaving office before being able to cash
in as a lobbyist.
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Posted in conflict of interest laws
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=20>, ethics investigations
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=42>, legislation and legislatures
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=27>, lobbying
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=28> | Comments Off
"Reid delays call on filibuster overhaul"
<http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45827>
Posted on January 2, 2013 1:37 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45827>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Politico
<http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/reid-delays-call-on-filibuster-overhaul-85692.html?hp=l1>:
"He has a chance to go 'nuclear' Thursday, but instead Senate Majority
Leader Harry Reid plans to punt a decision on the filibuster until later
this month."
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ials%0A%0AJohn%20Nix%2C%20Anthony%20Cuomo%0Aand%20Dr.%20Abigail%20Thernstrom%0A%0AJudicial%20Education%20Project%0A%0AJustice%20and%20Freedom%20Fund%0A%0ALandmark%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0AMountain%20States%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0ANational%20Black%20Chamber%20of%20Commerce%0A%0APacific%20Legal%20Foundation%2C%20Center%20for%20Equal%20Opportunity%2C%20and%20American%20Civil%20Rights%20Foundation%0A%0AProject%2021%0A%0AReason%20Foundation%0A%0ASoutheastern%20Legal%20Foundation%0A%0ATexas%0A%0AHere%20is%20how%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20brief%20begins%3A%0A%0A%20%20%20%20In%202013%2C%20there%20should%20not%20be%20the%20Uncovered%20States%20of%20America%20and%20the%20Covered%20States%20of%20America.%20There%20should%20be%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America.%20Other%20States%20have%20persuasively%20explained%20why%20their%20experiences%20support%20this%20proposition.%20This%20brief%20provides%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20own%2C%20unique%20perspective.%20George%20Wallace%20and%20Bull%20Connor%20used%20to%20be%20in%20Alabama%2C%20and%20Selma%20and%20the%20Edmund%20Pettus%20Bridge%20still%20are.%20These%20people%20and%20places%20were%20particularly%20responsible%20for%20making%20the%20preclearance%20mechanism%20necessary%20and%20appropriate%20in%201965.%20Things%20that%20have%20happened%20in%20Alabama%20in%20the%20meantime%20should%20thus%20be%20particularly%20instructive%20in%20determining%20whether%20Congress%20can%20employ%20the%20same%20extraordinary%20measure%20now.%0A%0A%20%20%20%20Alabama%E2%80%99s%20experience%20on%20these%20fronts%20is%20consistent%20with%20the%20Court%E2%80%99s%20assessment%20four%20Terms%20ago.%20Things%20in%20the%20South%20have%2C%20indeed%2C%20changed.%20See%20Nw.%20Austin%20Mun.%20Utility%20Dist.%20No.%20One%20v.%20Holder%2C%20557%20U.S.%20193%2C%20202%20%282009%29.%20Alabama%20has%20a%20new%20generation%20of%20leaders%20with%20no%20connection%20to%20the%20tragic%20events%20of%201965.%20The%20effects%20of%20those%20events%20on%20voting%20and%20political%20representation%20have%20now%2C%20thankfully%2C%20faded%20away.%20These%20on-the-ground%20realities%20show%20that%20the%202006%20Congress%20abdicated%20its%20constitutional%20responsibilities%20when%20it%20simply%20reimposed%2C%20on%20Alabama%20and%20other%20States%20ready%20to%20be%20equal%20partners%20in%20the%20Union%2C%20burdens%20that%20previously%20were%20necessary%20and%20appropriate%20only%20because%20of%20a%20defiance%20and%20recalcitrance%20whose%20vestiges%20no%20longer%20exist.%0A%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20Department%20of%20Justice%2C%20Supreme%20Court%2C%20Voting%20Rights%20Act%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CDirector%E2%80%99s%20Note%3A%20Resolutions%20for%202013%E2%80%B3%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A49%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0ADoug%20Chapin%20reflects%20at%20Electionline%20Weekly.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20election%20administration%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CQualcomm%20Sued%20Over%20Political-Giving%20Records%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A41%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0AWSJ%3A%20%E2%80%9CNew%20York%E2%80%99s%20public%20pension%20fund%20filed%20a%20lawsuit%20against%20Qualcomm%20Inc.%20in%20an%20unusual%20effort%20to%20force%20the%20wireless-technology%20company%20to%20disclose%20what%20it%20spends%20on%20political%20causes.%20The%20lawsuit%2C%20which%20legal%20experts%20say%20could%20have%20a%20significant%20impact%20on%20corporate%20political%20giving%2C%20alleges%20that%20Qualcomm%20has%20declined%20to%20disclose%20its%20political%20donations%2C%20despite%20a%20formal%20request%20by%20the%20pension%20fund%20and%20other%20institutional%20investors.%20The%20fund%2C%20invoking%20a%20Delaware%20law%20that%20requires%20certain%20corporate%20disclosures%2C%20wants%20the%20company%20to%20open%20up%20its%20books%20and%20records%20so%20it%20can%20see%20how%20much%20Qualcomm%20donates.%E2%80%9D%0A%0AUPDATE%3A%20See%20also%20this%20NY%20Times%20report.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20campaign%20finance%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CAllow%20the%20Oscars%20to%20explain%20why%20we%20should%20never%2C%20ever%20e-vote%20in%20a%20national%20election%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A35%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0ABoing%20boing%20explains.%0AShare%0APosted%20in%20internet%20voting%2C%20voting%20technology%09%7C%20Comments%20Off%0A%E2%80%9CU.S.%20Supreme%20Court%20Poised%20To%20Determine%20Constitutionality%20of%20Section%205%20of%20the%20Voting%20Rights%20Act%3B%20Merced%20County%20Files%20Amicus%20Brief%20Defending%20Its%20Bailout%20From%20Section%205%20Coverage.%E2%80%9D%0APosted%20on%20January%203%2C%202013%207%3A28%20pm%20by%20Rick%20Hasen%0A%0APress%20release%3A%0A%0A%20%20%20%20On%20January%202%2C%202013%2C%20two%20of%20Nielsen%20Merksamer%E2%80%99s%20leading%20voting%20rights%20experts%2C%20Marguerite%20Leoni%20and%20Chris%20Skinnell%2C%20filed%20an%20amicus%20curiae%20brief%20in%20the%20United%20States%20Supreme%20Court%2C%20in%20the%20pending%20constitutional%20challeng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Posted in legislation and legislatures
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=27> | Comments Off
"Oasis or Mirage: The Supreme Court's Thirst for Dictionaries in the
Rehnquist and Roberts Eras" <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45824>
Posted on January 2, 2013 12:25 pm <http://electionlawblog.org/?p=45824>
by Rick Hasen <http://electionlawblog.org/?author=3>
Jim Brudney and Larry Baum have postedthis draft
<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2195644>on SSRN.
The Supreme Court's use of dictionaries, virtually non-existent
before 1987, has dramatically increased during the Rehnquist and
Roberts Court eras to the point where as many as one-third of
statutory decisions invoke dictionary definitions. The increase is
linked to the rise of textualism and its intense focus on ordinary
meaning. This Article explores the Court's new dictionary culture in
depth from empirical and doctrinal perspectives. Among our findings
are (a) while textualist justices are the highest dictionary users,
purposivist justices invoke dictionary definitions with comparable
frequency; (b) dictionary use is especially heavy in the criminal
law area, serving what we describe as a Notice function; (c)
dictionary use overall is strikingly ad hoc and subjective. We
demonstrate how the Court's patterns of dictionary usage reflect a
casual form of opportunistic conduct: the justices almost always
invoke one or at most two dictionaries, they have varied individual
brand preferences from which they often depart, they seem to use
general and legal dictionaries interchangeably, and they lack a
coherent position on citing to editions from the time of statutory
enactment versus the time the instant case was filed.
The Article then conducts a detailed doctrinal review, leading to an
innovative functional analysis of how the justices use dictionaries:
as way stations when dictionary meanings are indeterminate or
otherwise unhelpful; as ornaments when definitions are helpful but
of marginal weight compared with more traditional resources like the
canons, precedent, legislative history, or agency deference; and as
barriers that preclude inquiry into or reliance on other contextual
resources, especially legislative history and agency guidance.
Ornamental opinions (the largest category) typically locate
dictionary analysis at the start of the Court's reasoning, subtly
conveying that the lexicographic method should matter more than
other interpretive resources. Barrier opinions would have been
inconceivable prior to 1987 but now occur with disturbing frequency:
they elevate the justices' reliance on definitions in a radically
acontextual manner, ignoring persuasive interpretive evidence from
the enactment process and from agency experience.
Finally, the Article analyzes whether the Court's patterns of
inconsistent dictionary usage, and its tendency to cherry-pick
definitions that support results reached on other grounds,
distinguish dictionaries from high-profile interpretive resources
such as canons and legislative history that have been criticized on
a similar basis. We contend that dictionaries are different from a
normative vantage point, essentially because of (i) how both wings
of the Court have promoted them by featuring definitions frequently
and prominently in opinions, and (ii) how dictionaries are
effectively celebrated as an independently constituted source of
objective meaning (unlike the canons as judicial branch creations
and legislative history as a congressional product). Yet our
findings demonstrate that the image of dictionary usage as heuristic
and authoritative is a mirage. This contrast between the exalted
status ascribed to dictionary definitions and the highly subjective
way the Court uses them in practice reflects insufficient attention
to the inherent limitations of dictionaries, limitations that have
been identified by other scholars and by some appellate judges.
Further, the justices' subjective dictionary culture is likely to
mislead lawyers faced with the responsibility to construct arguments
for the justices to review. The Article concludes by offering a
three-step plan for the Court to develop a healthier approach to its
dictionary habit.
I am looking forward to reading this!
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Posted in legislation and legislatures
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=27>, statutory interpretation
<http://electionlawblog.org/?cat=21> | Comments Off
--
Rick Hasen
Chancellor's Professor of Law and Political Science
UC Irvine School of Law
401 E. Peltason Dr., Suite 1000
Irvine, CA 92697-8000
949.824.3072 - office
949.824.0495 - fax
rhasen at law.uci.edu
http://law.uci.edu/faculty/page1_r_hasen.html
http://electionlawblog.org
Now available: The Voting Wars: http://amzn.to/y22ZTv
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