[EL] The Supreme Court's Decision to Decide Whether It's One Person, One Vote or One Voter, One Vote

Tue May 26 12:00:15 PDT 2015

For those interested in what other countries do:

In many of them districts must have equal populations, but in many of them districts must have equal numbers of voters, or equal numbers of citizens.

The most interesting criteria is used in Australia: Australian redistricting commission (called Redistribution Commission) does not use current data. It uses population projections for three years and six months after the redistricting takes place. Equality of population should be achieved halfway through the seven-year Australian districting cycle. This way Australia also avoids wide discrepancies at the end of the seven-year delimitation cycle. Source: http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/bd/bdb/bdb05/bdb05a

In my book "Comparative Redistricting: A Comparative Study of Election District Delimitation" I described redistricting process and criteria in Germany, UK, Australia, and some other countries. http://www.amazon.com/Comparative-Redistricting-Election-District-Delimitation/dp/3846599506

For redistricting criteria abroad see also Bernard Grofman, Bernard and Lisa Handley (Eds.) "Redistricting in Comparative Perspective" https://global.oup.com/academic/product/redistricting-in-comparative-perspective-9780199227402?cc=si&lang=en&

Jurij

________________________________
From: law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu [law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu] on behalf of Thomas J. Cares [Tom at tomcares.com]
Sent: Tuesday, May 26, 2015 8:21 PM
To: Douglas Johnson
Cc: Election Law
Subject: Re: [EL] The Supreme Court's Decision to Decide Whether It's One Person, One Vote or One Voter, One Vote

At this point, I would think an international norm is also at play, even if not-explicitly. Are there republics in the world that apportion based on eligible voters, not residents, or citizens. I wonder if there's good research on that.

Imagine if (even for congress) it were proportioned based on voters who turned out in the last congressional election; then all representatives might have an interest in bolstering turn out, instead of suppressing it (north carolina, cough cough). I'm not proposing that. I'm just saying to imagine it.

-Thomas Cares

On Tue, May 26, 2015 at 11:12 AM, Douglas Johnson <djohnson at ndcresearch.com<mailto:djohnson at ndcresearch.com>> wrote:
For reference:

I went back to the data from the California Independent Redistricting Commission<http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_082011/crc_20110815_5appendix_3.pdf> and just posted in the California Voting Rights Act Facebook page<http://www.facebook.com/vraofca> how big a change this would represent:

In California, Congressional Districts are equal in total population (within 1 person), but vary widely in eligible voters (as defined by Citizen Voting Age Population). At the extremes, Congressional District 1 has 521,232 eligible voters, while CD 40 has only 261,568 -- a two-to-one difference.

CD 1 is in the far north of the state, while CD 40 is in Los Angeles County and encompasses Paramount, Downey, Bell, Maywood, and neighboring small cities.

-          Doug

Douglas Johnson, Fellow
Rose Institute of State and Local Government
at Claremont McKenna College
douglas.johnson at cmc.edu<mailto:douglas.johnson at cmc.edu>
310-200-2058<tel:310-200-2058>

From: law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu<mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu> [mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu<mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>] On Behalf Of Samuel Bagenstos
Sent: Tuesday, May 26, 2015 10:35 AM
To: Pildes, Rick
Cc: <law-election at department-lists.uci.edu<mailto:law-election at department-lists.uci.edu>> (law-election at department-lists.uci.edu<mailto:law-election at department-lists.uci.edu>)
Subject: Re: [EL] The Supreme Court's Decision to Decide Whether It's One Person, One Vote or One Voter, One Vote

Rick,

Could you say more about the basis for the prediction in your last sentence?

Best,

Sam

On Tue, May 26, 2015 at 1:30 PM, Pildes, Rick <pildesr at exchange.law.nyu.edu<mailto:pildesr at exchange.law.nyu.edu>> wrote:

The Supreme Court’s decision today to decide what “one person, one vote” actually means is not all that surprising, at least to many of us.  In all the years since the Court recognized that election districts must have equal populations, the Court never squarely resolved what the baseline ought to be for determining “equality” — must districts have equal numbers of residents or equal numbers of eligible voters (which would exclude the young, non-citizens, felons unable to vote)?  In 1966, in the earliest days of the reapportionment revolution, the Court did hold that states could choose between equalizing population or eligible voters (Burns v. Richardson, 384 U.S. 73 (1966)).  But a lot has happened in the maturation of the law in the ensuing 50 years; in general, the Court has placed greater emphasis on the use of more concrete, precise standards.

Moreover, there is something odd about such a basic constitutional standard under the Equal Protection Clause as the principle of political equality that’s reflected in the “one person, one vote” standard being so ill-defined that states are free to choose whether it’s persons or voters that matter for purposes of equality.  Few constitutional standards work that way.  In practice, most states have used residents, not voters, for the baseline, but the doctrine leaves open the possibility that states could use other baselines.  And as long as the baseline remains constitutionally undefined, states can manipulate the districting system by choosing one baseline over another in order to achieve various partisan or political ends.  The difference can be significant, especially in areas of the country — such as Texas, where this case comes from — with large numbers of non-citizen residents.

In addition, since Burns, we have had the emergence of the Voting Rights Act requirements concerning how districts must be designed to avoid diluting the vote of particular minority groups.  To ensure political equality in this arena, the baseline for drawing districts has been voters — not residents.  Thus, to decide whether a district provides an “equality opportunity to elect” for minority voters, the courts do not look at the total number of minority residents — they look to the total number of voting-age eligible residents.  So there is at least some superficial tension between the VRA, where voters are the baseline, and the Equal Protection standard, where most states use population as the baseline.  That provides another reason the Court might want to clarify what the right baseline is under the Equal Protection Clause.

Now that the issue is squarely before the Court, my view is that the Court ought to adopt a clear, uniform standard to end uncertainty and potential manipulation regarding what counts as the baseline for the requirement of equality between election districts.  Once the Court confronts the arguments on that question, I tend to think the Court will conclude that the best answer is one person, one vote — that it is the requirement of equal numbers of residents (not voters) per district that is critical for constitutional purposes.

Best,
Rick

Richard H. Pildes
Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law
NYU School of Law
40 Washington Square South, NY, NY 10012
212 998-6377<tel:212%20998-6377>

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Samuel Bagenstos
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My University of Michigan homepage: http://www.law.umich.edu/FacultyBio/Pages/FacultyBio.aspx?FacID=sambagen

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