[EL] UK election and what "mandates" mean in U.S.-style plurality voting system

Fri Dec 13 13:10:31 PST 2019

I don't have a complete answer and I'm guessing there isn't a single one,
but some scribbles:

-Outside of England there are sharp regionalisms, and the unionist vs
separatist tendencies end up defining a lot of the paradigm in those
regions, and it's very hard to have clearly separatist parties that are
viable at all in England.

-You also have proportional systems of various scope at the country level
for Irish, Scottish, Welsh parliament, keeping a pluralistic system in
place at that layer and meaning there's lots of infrastructure and so on.
(Though some of this is recent.)

-MEP layer is also proportional, which is part of why UKIP has gotten in.

-Unusually small districts -- approx 1/10th of US and far smaller than
almost all other major western democracies -- is also likely a factor
across the UK as a whole, including in England.

On Fri, Dec 13, 2019 at 3:38 PM Smith, Brad <BSmith at law.capital.edu> wrote:

> Why doesn’t Duverger’s Law seem to apply in the UK? Why do Brits keep
> voting for parties other than Labor and Tory, if there is really so much
> tactical voting going on? Shouldn’t Lib Dem (and other voters) be making a
> choice between the top two, to put the least objectionable in power?
>
>
>
> Bradley A. Smith
>
> Josiah H. Blackmore II/Shirley M. Nault
>
>   Professor of Law
>
> Capital University Law School
>
> 303 E. Broad Street
>
> Columbus, OH 43214
>
> (617) 236-6317
>
>
>
> *From:* Law-election <law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu> *On
> Behalf Of *David Lublin
> *Sent:* Friday, December 13, 2019 3:00 PM
> *To:* Rob Richie <rr at fairvote.org>
> *Cc:* Election Law <Law-election at department-lists.uci.edu>
> *Subject:* Re: [EL] UK election and what "mandates" mean in U.S.-style
> plurality voting system
>
>
>
>    ** [ This email originated outside of Capital University ] **
>
> Perhaps surprisingly, MMP in elections for the Scottish Parliament and
> Welsh Assembly has manufactured majorities more often that not, and with
> the same or lower shares of the vote than won by Johnson's Tories
> yesterday. These regional contests provide great examples that large
> distortions can result when you distribute the top-up seats regionally or
> allow overhang seats.
>
>
>
> *Scotland* has had three majority governments since devolution. All have
> been manufactured majorities with an average of 43.7% of the vote--not far
> off the Tories in this election. In the most recent election, the SNP
> almost won another manufactured majority with just 41.7% and has had no
> problem governing solo. (see vote results below)
>
>
>
> Excepting brief periods of Labour minority government right after an
> election, elections in *Wales* have ultimately produced majority
> governments (including governments with exactly 1/2 the Assembly). All
> except one were manufactured majorities with an average of just 42.0% even
> including the one government backed by a voting majority. (see vote results
> below)
>
>
>
> Though the British people voted for some form of it, I personally think
> it's a very bad idea in all forms. Still, I'm not British and I suspect
> that the predominant view in the UK today is relief that the basic decision
> has finally been taken and that they won't be called back to the polls soon
> after three elections in rapid succession.
>
>
>
> Making MMP more likely to achieve the outcome indicated by Rob would
> require adding compensation mandates as now occurs in Germany thanks to a
> constitutional court decision. Still, the disappearance of overhang seats
> has made forming governments somewhat more difficult in that country,
>
>
>
> *Scotland*
>
> Year: Govt Party: Vote Share / Seat Share
>
> 2016: SNP 41.7% / 48.8% (SNP Minority, no problem governing)
>
> 2011: SNP: 44.0% / 53.5% (SNP Majority)
>
> 2007: SNP: 31.0% / 37.0% (SNP Minority)
>
> 2003: Lab/LD Together: 41.2% / 52.0% (Lab/LD Coalition)
>
> 1999: Lab/LD Together: 46.0% / 56.6% (Lab/LD Coalition)
>
>
>
> *Wales*
>
> Year: Govt Party: Vote Share / Seat Share
>
> 2016: Lab/LD Together 38.1% / 50.0% (Lab/LD Coalition with just 1 LD, Lab
> had 31.5% & just 1 short of 50%)
>
> 2011: Lab: 36.9% / 50.0% (Lab Government)
>
> 2007: Lab/Plaid Together: 50.6% / 63.3% (Lab/Plaid Coalition, after brief
> Lab Minority)
>
> 2003: Lab: 36.6% / 50.0% (Lab Government)
>
> 1999: 2nd/3rd Govt of Lab/LD Together: 47.9% / 56.7% (Lab/LD Coalition)
>
> 1999: 1st Govt of Lab: 35.4% / 46.7% (Lab Minority)
>
>
>
>
>
> On Fri, Dec 13, 2019 at 11:40 AM Rob Richie <rr at fairvote.org> wrote:
>
> Thanks for this thoughtful note exploring this question more deeply,
> David. I'll flag this good piece analyzing the vote from John Curtice
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__www.bbc.com_news_election-2D2019-2D50774061%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3d_7RuKP8SkivHvMm7UB2ittqFqado8TdoE2ksWLsih48%26s%3d3F1vqcwFUhBdE8nCltP8V8HRqtiTVgR8RMZ3N4hzPtw%26e%3d&c=E,1,Gpbvu6bPGuBzqpUByNh-Z3ikQIa1V2yJc6-Lhe6-vfWVN8q6iiTttOHsYut455tLGa6kkq5vkI-OHShkGdZKEY4FPthTmfRPs2MBnmbluWU3-P-NuAuiJmM,&typo=1>for
> more on the complexity of the vote shifts -- and realizing that
> pre-election polls showed a substantial share of voters were not going to
> vote for their true party of choice in a desperate bid to guess how to vote
> most effectively.
>
>
>
> It is interesting to mull what the UK parliament would look like with a
> German-type mixed member system that would have provided proportionality to
> parties with 5% national support and/or geographic concentrations of
> support able to win districts. The combined number of seats for Labour and
> the Liberal Democrats would have been nearly exactly the same as the
> Conservatives (43.7% or Labour-Lib Dems  and 43.6% for Conservatives), with
> nearly all other seats going to the Scottish National Party due to its
> regional concentration of support (and some seats to the Northern Irish
> parties). Of course the Greens and Brexit Party might have done better and
> perhaps won over 5%, with the Greens yesterday getting only 2.7% and the
> Brexit Party winning only 2.0% despite doing much better last spring in the
> European Parliamentary elections held with a proportional system (where a
> majority of seats went to parties clearly against a hard Brexit).
>
>
>
> It wouldn't have given a "mandate" to any one party, as Johnson allegedly
> has with his 46% coalition vote share, but it would have created the
> conditions where some sensible middle ground might have been negotiated --
> a middle ground that this piece in October by Curtice
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__www.bbc.com_news_uk-2Dpolitics-2D50043549%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3d_7RuKP8SkivHvMm7UB2ittqFqado8TdoE2ksWLsih48%26s%3d7ZxE09BAfWxW8CDrcq5GI54-3pc68ek5wJc-7ukn0l8%26e%3d&c=E,1,ofVP62Gke60PczhWMg0N6jhgPDE5UvGLiWUxiYyIB6bANIm4bOIgpsS-b_paElTPntLJaOMCsvVqkYw5RJd8PnIENkoy-WiTKsomGBK_HwGmy0_thfVCwA,,&typo=1>
> defines well. Some real changes with the EU, but not a hard Brexit. Maybe
> Johnson will get to some kind of comparable deal, but we'll see. The hubris
> that comes from false mandates is what led David Cameron to create the
> Brexit referendum in the first place.
>
>
>
> Rob
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Fri, Dec 13, 2019 at 11:03 AM David Lublin <dlublin at american.edu>
> wrote:
>
> Couple of thoughts in response to Rob's post:
>
>
>
> (1) Rob's hypothesis about where the Labour vote went appears true only
> for heavy Remain seats. In Leave seats, the vote shifted far more to Leave
> parties. The BBC has a nice chart showing that defections from Labour were
> greatest in strong leave seats:
>
>
>
> > 60% Leave
>
> LAB -10.4%
>
> BRX + 3.8%
>
> CON + 6.1%
>
> LD +2.6%
>
> GRN +1%
>
>
>
> > 60% Remain
>
> LAB -6.4%
>
> BRX +1.0%
>
> CON -2.9%
>
> LD +4.7%
>
> CN +1.2%
>
>
>
> If you look closely at individual constituency results, it seems very
> likely that a lot of the shift away from Labour went to Brexit Party as
> well as the Conservatives in many seats.
>
>
>
> In Vale of Clwyd, for example, here are the shifts that delivered the seat
> to the Tories:
>
>
>
> LAB -8.7
>
> BRX +4.0
>
> CON + 2.3
>
> LD +2.2
>
> PC +0.2
>
>
>
> As you can see, the 8.7% drop in Labour support was accompanied by a shift
> of 6.3% up for Leave parties and 2.4% for Remain parties.
>
>
>
> (2) The election was about more than just Brexit. Labour also did poorly
> because (a) Jeremy Corbyn (think Bernie Sanders but far more left wing and
> far less personable) had abysmal approval ratings, and (b) Labour adopted a
> very left-wing manifesto that scared away a lot of people. It was
> reminiscent of the 1983 manifesto aptly labelled "the longest suicide note
> in history."
>
>
>
> (3) The election did result in what single-member plurality systems are
> designed to produce in that the UK now has a majority government that
> voters can hold accountable. In this sense, the system worked as intended.
>
>
>
> (4) The electoral system, however, did exacerbate regional differences.
> The SNP won the 81% of Scottish seats on 45% of the vote. The Tories won
> the 65% of English seats on 47% of the vote. Though the Tories made major
> gains in Wales, Labour still won 55% of the seats on 41% of the vote. The
> Union will clearly be under stress though Scotland now has no way of
> demanding another vote on independence notwithstanding the SNP's successes.
> Who would have ever thought Labour would be reduced to one seat in Scotland!
>
>
>
> (5) Voters acted as expected in that the LD and Green shares of the vote
> got squeezed over the campaign due to tactical voting even though Rob is
> correct that the Tories and Brexit did a better job of coordination. Brexit
> also appeared to be a good parking spot for Labour leave voters who didn't
> want to vote Labour or Tory.
>
>
>
> (6) In Northern Ireland, the voters sent a nice signal to both the DUP and
> to Sinn Fein to get it together and make devolution work as the two leading
> parties both saw marked drops in their vote share to the benefit of
> Alliance and SDLP primarily.
>
>
>
> (7) The desire of Brits to change the electoral system appears low. They
> voted down AV, which would have been a good start to better reflecting the
> overall will and reduced tactical voting, though also aided third parties.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Fri, Dec 13, 2019 at 7:21 AM Rob Richie <rr at fairvote.org> wrote:
>
> Hi, Folks,
>
>
>
> The UK elections are a fascinating example of how a plurality voting
> system is not the same thing as a majoritarian voting system. Here was my
> tweet about it just now, linking to my piece last month anticipating
> yesterday's results.
>
>
>
> I'll note that a ranked choice voting district by district might not have
> changed the outcome, as geographic dispersion of votes matters as well as
> winning districts by majorities rather than pluralities. But if you add up
> the parties associated with Remain, it's a clear majority, with the
> Conservative Party (43.6%), its Northern Ireland allies and Brexit party
> (2.0%) combining for about 46% of the vote.
>
>
>
> Rob
>
>
>
>
>
>
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__twitter.com_Rob-5FRichie%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3draec4MVaQVl_qBCQa_91BzoT233aLt-8qw-8WO01Vy8%26e%3d&c=E,1,c38hDj9gc2NB1hr0Xr0-n05gZffVzP1LHhR5LcLeW5nJ2ZZhl4AsE-8EzqKPLIs4P9j6ezpf2WFOp3tM2-ofgksfTSZeP7HhGRH6Xgy07Q,,&typo=1>
>
> *Rob Richie
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__twitter.com_Rob-5FRichie%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3draec4MVaQVl_qBCQa_91BzoT233aLt-8qw-8WO01Vy8%26e%3d&c=E,1,c38hDj9gc2NB1hr0Xr0-n05gZffVzP1LHhR5LcLeW5nJ2ZZhl4AsE-8EzqKPLIs4P9j6ezpf2WFOp3tM2-ofgksfTSZeP7HhGRH6Xgy07Q,,&typo=1>*
>
> *@Rob_Richie
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__twitter.com_Rob-5FRichie%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3draec4MVaQVl_qBCQa_91BzoT233aLt-8qw-8WO01Vy8%26e%3d&c=E,1,c38hDj9gc2NB1hr0Xr0-n05gZffVzP1LHhR5LcLeW5nJ2ZZhl4AsE-8EzqKPLIs4P9j6ezpf2WFOp3tM2-ofgksfTSZeP7HhGRH6Xgy07Q,,&typo=1>*
>
>
>
> ·
>
> 2m
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__twitter.com_Rob-5FRichie_status_1205460187362017281%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dwEy_D9_CB4G1WAeU_SSZ53JjYkYrGDe76PMEdWLiFxI%26e%3d&c=E,1,un4cKAI26xGSHecT9Gr2Uw2AyhdqvDd7CQaDTfwcqNnaPS_l6IBbXEfbDLHgmvD_50vNnBiG7Gg9ms2ljedGNX_Ub-no7fon6s_XofzbzygJWoJ7cp3zE14,&typo=1>
>
> British "mandate" for Brexit comes when slim majority of voters want to
> "remain." Most Labour voter defections went to pro-remain parties, not
> pro-Brexit voters, yet a pro-Brexit party now can move forward. See my
> piece last month anticipating results
>
>
>
>
>
>
> https://www.fairvote.org/brexit_plurality_rules_and_the_united_kingdom_s_broken_democracy
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__www.fairvote.org_brexit-5Fplurality-5Frules-5Fand-5Fthe-5Funited-5Fkingdom-5Fs-5Fbroken-5Fdemocracy%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3diZMPuJ0k0F2hbfwAztc9YHXITdZPiAcc93jX1rZo0ew%26e%3d&c=E,1,nrBDt-1uejbJWCT6coo32P_ZddXgDnzDg2WftWOIDCdVrrrwTCCN3_aIxICI8HCN8YvVlUqOab9rGPULV3xFyCFsNEYHvQVaPLxBnWTvwjzP0KvFk3M,&typo=1>
>
>
>
> Brexit, Plurality Rules, and the United Kingdom’s Broken Democracy
> ROB RICHIE
> NOVEMBER 12, 2019
>
>
>
> ·
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> <?&subject=Brexit,%20Plurality%20Rules,%20and%20the%20United%20Kingdom%E2%80%99s%20Broken%20Democracy&body=http://www.fairvote.org/brexit_plurality_rules_and_the_united_kingdom_s_broken_democracy>
>
> Rarely has a policy debate so divided and paralyzed a nation as the issue
> of “Brexit” in the United Kingdom. In a 2016 national referendum, British
> voters narrowly approved leaving the European Union. The aftermath and
> turmoil ever since provides a case study in how such divisions are poorly
> handled by a plurality, single-choice voting system -- yes, the same voting
> method used by Americans to elect their members of Congress, governors and
> presidential electors.
>
> One problem is being able to win a majority of seats without trying to win
> a majority of votes. Since 1980,
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__en.wikipedia.org_wiki_United-5FKingdom-5Fgeneral-5Felections-5Foverview%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dz9LuO6DQ9kugeaPDohObcUuoGXQtPVmcJDevnjq0sic%26e%3d&c=E,1,Cm34FZKW0n8PxmQXBG6dEwVvPBPfLgqheq5xhPmJ4TNSRhuiAaYfJRWjWxs51ucFtFj7x0vrHeoOnqu7mmDZxNlDNJsCibukFI_k3oc1Oxr1AL-Z_vJPkaT-vg,,&typo=1> no
> British political party has won even 44% of the national vote. In 2015, for
> example, David Cameron’s Conservative Party won a majority of seats with
> only 36.9% of the votes
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2015-5FUnited-5FKingdom-5Fgeneral-5Felection%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dN91GPPAg8EQfEJfgV-Kvx93wP027Va9kxpPlmfSdA_w%26e%3d&c=E,1,kY8po62yJ9U3cm7em1TFSNtMSQDikCqoo8tbp18eljQhDnoXWMuLo1KoJFxENLjE3ZkpvRe3O5tjHwrUDWdlPh1zJRWO9-OihGAPmIpf3LW0efxv8dpzPa8lABw,&typo=1>.
> His plurality victory was reminiscent of Bill Clinton winning a huge
> majority of electoral votes in 1992 with only 43% of the vote
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__en.wikipedia.org_wiki_1992-5FUnited-5FStates-5Fpresidential-5Felection%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dPpAmkzTYQHAmTYToK6RERzAaHQQQ16LTEjAApGdBSbQ%26e%3d&c=E,1,Qsvu5_JfVyyl44jwNjd3qRN72J7T7a0eE5bCGc6Lsed_gNKq2mUsOtoYSvaaol-8ABTfkmyPtEPrUvXFdnlbCCpv8iUzeQXQxGA3RLZmIGuJ&typo=1> (and
> only a single state with more than 50%) and, more recently, Justin Trudeau
> of Canada's Liberal Party maintaining power with only 33% of the vote,
> less than the Conservative Party.
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__en.wikipedia.org_wiki_2019-5FCanadian-5Ffederal-5Felection%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dtpnuo3ViLmTBUkLH3xkKNUzYLQ9Ns-Xa-sTMCGw0WQw%26e%3d&c=E,1,KvMsn4gWppC31iHp_ER96mkSRmRT5QOUGW539ANAE3a2Ca2tRdVcJ0Z02EVJWK4vmbxZbPowPlL7ivrn5mp6-QqgZ-f3rZm5GvZzyjXBrOM,&typo=1>
>
> Now, Boris Johnson leads the Conservatives, and his bid is all about
> playing to the “leave” Brexit base rather than a majority of Britons. “Remain”
> now consistently leads in polls
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__whatukthinks.org_eu_questions_if-2Dthere-2Dwas-2Da-2Dreferendum-2Don-2Dbritains-2Dmembership-2Dof-2Dthe-2Deu-2Dhow-2Dwould-2Dyou-2Dvote-2D2_%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dqhEqixi5V2d7YtGDMG8YUSaRxYF35-FmonAthvpmtRg%26e%3d&c=E,1,5QBRWBvl9xWl-_69JN1XNtvK-pWhUZvMvI0Grsvu377k2oKq3NmDjw4jotON782i2OqW3Fz-nFFE0MbKsAiwYjdW_4XuWmSAk410KzaSFcU,&typo=1>,
> but its backers are divided among several parties. Johnson received a boost
> this week when Nigel Farage’s Brexit Party announced
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__www.bbc.com_news_election-2D2019-2D50387254%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dH-rDTKgE97GEbbmVM8YoricVhr3gOO82CfroMDkp_mY%26e%3d&c=E,1,9H40DTRjat7X9u5NsuJfwB6V-kGMNXWSpOg9nG6t6Uup25RChFW7T7xaNFDqhIOqN8Oczy5EFojcHg14nI3W3WhxYl7ycjqYazYWyWg-Bd3CFTBvKJE,&typo=1> it
> would try to avoid splitting the “leave” vote by not running candidates in
> any seats now held by Conservatives. Farage is a long-time critic of
> plurality voting, and his party earlier this year joined a cross-party
> reform coalition
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__www.bbc.com_news_uk-2Dpolitics-2D48847542%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dMMAaYBGxXnAguNMLi6bwH2qNQqKWxrH-1zjJxD7VXcg%26e%3d&c=E,1,YnP8w-LvNsOHHnG9DNmKluLd3IS8_hX-wosiJwO95F8MpYYdkJmQ3aFiPt_Wu_WBte5XdCzZhi_IgOQHxvC-rADtDdaYmEpy9h4dqWxbmvPbRJ6c5nXwCV0,&typo=1>in
> support of a proportional voting system. But Farage also knows that, in a
> plurality system, a more united “leave” vote provides the best chance for
> Johnson to turn 40% of the vote into a majority of seats.
>
>
>
> --
>
> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> Rob Richie
> President and CEO, FairVote
> 6930 Carroll Avenue, Suite 240
> Takoma Park, MD 20912
> rr at fairvote.org  (301) 270-4616  http://www.fairvote.org
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttp-3A__www.fairvote.org%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dW9kaWW_vUr4T77cU5L9U61eUu1v_KXv2z9fUoRUnD80%26e%3d&c=E,1,GQ3vONssUy_Ks5CE0OQBtGdPYuYQZ1hJRCPZt5G9gD_hzbn5kwB_WBlnTPGkcSGLYnQtXjQMObKyjPm62otus-9wfYEt3IXmzLasklzjfu7jmFaZhapEYQ,,&typo=1>
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>    My Twitter
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__twitter.com_rob-5Frichie%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3dIdEY4ZgKbCaw5W6ShVc96buxSSbR8_7HoqEZsngsiQg%26e%3d&c=E,1,2AHHiwTtjWbwCSSJ63Ziz2i1sY5oSQfEv0P5DwGnsQTMTLUaI1qpAUJrTlXzUuSETBkn9toI1YKF0BS4AIopVyPcIZIZvamiEv4vEvirkMf6S1KaBQ,,&typo=1>
>
>
>
> *Thank you for considering a donation
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttp-3A__www.fairvote.org_donate%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3db4ek7_OTMOZ0g_-1sUoXnOaWE-vQ4BqQnC7jnJ1m-Uk%26e%3d&c=E,1,frcq_9G5M8FolMRx8IEW81bxa9du6Dps-beivOakYguIzPvJj-8tZxAJxdXklOi57icHpEAz_DrFs4iYQrhIvirDP244giC0dgxHjJQzifF4rvwbIc50S5eG0Q,,&typo=1>. Enjoy
> our video on ranked choice voting
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttps-3A__youtu.be_CIz-5FnzP-2DW-5Fc%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3dtpLV82qiNMRaEtDlL9uW0NFCsq_zjvmsWj-VG9BOSII%26s%3d1m_RlmJrwdAK3dkhimzb5mDcu6u1lyetjlnCplttnCk%26e%3d&c=E,1,Jbl2-7ocxL223yWVMDjW2r-_34rJ_PTbhYDRONDQSmGr9NCdarqVvNc4p4aoH_wEFrBwLsCAhzW2_MX-SnlSR6Dkzt2AfvnlOjuG7BeKoKyd&typo=1>!*
>
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>
>
>
>
> --
>
> David Lublin
> Professor of Government
> School of Public Affairs
> American University
> 4400 Massachusetts Ave.
> Washington, D.C. 20016
> http://davidlublin.com/
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttp-3A__davidlublin.com_%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3d_7RuKP8SkivHvMm7UB2ittqFqado8TdoE2ksWLsih48%26s%3d7nGwIX42kqTAMRD0GO98-c8Y2-I0DdGGikZwxJ95pxY%26e%3d&c=E,1,sSMFdMr2IUcoKGHS0qMq3fJFgS9srsN_APzcbX1S8Ai6rcPS4HNvYV0IMgQ8CzXpcvtgAVC8RSz3Gng5REOPLPNDg0Ue3JPo27R0rSdgfl9xP8h-RxSQqQ,,&typo=1>
>
>
>
>
> --
>
> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> Rob Richie
> President and CEO, FairVote
> 6930 Carroll Avenue, Suite 240
> Takoma Park, MD 20912
> rr at fairvote.org  (301) 270-4616  http://www.fairvote.org
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttp-3A__www.fairvote.org%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3d_7RuKP8SkivHvMm7UB2ittqFqado8TdoE2ksWLsih48%26s%3ddkO8Jg09p8R2-SZ7I_vDjtt7eQ9fnb2XqjRjYHHqb2U%26e%3d&c=E,1,WC2PqsRuwT3ZlKv80wncy5z2yd1bqmGHyBFYrxTWWE1QbmytCBUOgcn1Uh4NZqs2BGHpHuDf6LfIfK4i9vIDtaqq9ZI9DJ3SQmUcf9KnW0qG3u98t7jOrMGCG9E,&typo=1>
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>
>
> *Thank you for considering a donation
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2furldefense.proofpoint.com%2fv2%2furl%3fu%3dhttp-3A__www.fairvote.org_donate%26d%3dDwMFaQ%26c%3dU0G0XJAMhEk_X0GAGzCL7Q%26r%3d2fMgMunsCtJpikIZXRvVAXXnXpXnW1DdeOa9_DBJVAg%26m%3d_7RuKP8SkivHvMm7UB2ittqFqado8TdoE2ksWLsih48%26s%3diLk6ck_FzGBZ9SNUD1hwd65tMbPH2yEQ582y4RoBFrI%26e%3d&c=E,1,YLDxT-_h4KcjF6gR_omNvtrTXv-pnJtDqX7fqb75LC7phSj068dojsA4jPPeUsHjf59tPLUY94F1P1_hbTZHCunQYCwz3zazQjfsdAolSCxHtM8lF0M,&typo=1>. Enjoy
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>
>
>
>
> --
>
> David Lublin
> Professor of Government
> School of Public Affairs
> American University
> 4400 Massachusetts Ave.
> Washington, D.C. 20016
> http://davidlublin.com/
> <https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fdavidlublin.com%2f&c=E,1,8ge9JCycKZPMN9WOVYh9UifKAtpjG5GoJLY9xI8YVOdTboKNGoUikU5DA-z6Gt4IpSn3Q2aqNprP6UI6wnwNKRDTmpGpw9OvihaeemfKefIUyYC0ZujMmnI,&typo=1>
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