[EL] This is the highest turnout of voting age citizens in American history

Sun Nov 8 06:51:41 PST 2020

Good morning, friends,

I’d like to add a ‘pole’ to this discussion on whether full participation is a good thing, building on Lori Minnite’s important comment that people learn by participating.  I think that is really right, and I would also add that institutions, both government and in civil society, can learn as well.

I believe we should have Universal Civic Duty Voting in the country—required participation, if you will-- a system Australia has used successfully for 96 years.  We treat jury duty as a requirement of every citizen in the country, so that juries accurately reflect a defendant’s peers.  The same logic should apply to voting.  If every eligible citizen voted, we would truly have election results based on the full consent of the governed. In addition, campaigns would have to speak to all citizens, not just race to turn out their own base and sometimes seek to depress the other team’s turnout.

The Ash Center at the Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution released a report in July proposing just that, based on the work of a Universal Voting Working Group that I co-chaired with E.J. Dionne.  With it, we hope to generate a real discussion of this far-reaching proposal for American elections.  And going back to what Lori said, I believe that if every citizen were required to vote, schools would emphasize civic education, election officials would continue to make it easier to vote, corporations would encourage their employees to participate, and so on, and I think citizens would seek to be informed as well.  The report, “Lift Every Voice:  The Urgency of Universal Civic Duty Voting”, is on line at the Ash Center and Brookings sites.  Here is a link:  online here<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.brookings.edu_research_lift-2Devery-2Dvoice-2Dthe-2Durgency-2Dof-2Duniversal-2Dcivic-2Dduty-2Dvoting_&d=DwMFAw&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=WKn8vLZc6cDwMaDewIf6kW0UdG0aCcd1OSaAeN4QVeQ&s=0nikni_bg1XvkHYYFSv_nDlzxHbdS9nHB7thlOWUyU4&e=>.

Far from thinking a smaller, ‘more informed’ electorate is the way to go, making participation a universal civic duty will start an upward cycle of informed participation.

Miles Rapoport

Miles S. Rapoport

Senior Practice Fellow in American Democracy

Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation

Harvard Kennedy School

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From: Law-election <law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu<mailto:law-election-bounces at department-lists.uci.edu>> On Behalf Of Lorraine Minnite
Sent: Saturday, November 7, 2020 11:47 AM
To: Braden Boucek <braden at beacontn.org<mailto:braden at beacontn.org>>
Cc: law-election at UCI.EDU<mailto:law-election at UCI.EDU>; Jon Sherman <jsherman at fairelectionscenter.org<mailto:jsherman at fairelectionscenter.org>>
Subject: Re: [EL] This is the highest turnout of voting age citizens in American history

The concern about "political ignorance" is misplaced, in my opinion.  The problem with Somin's perspective is that it appears to be grounded in a static and one-dimensional view of knowledge and how it is acquired.  People learn by participating. Voting itself can increase civic and political knowledge and decrease "ignorance."

The elitist concern about politically ignorant people voting also ignores the fact that voters make choices about candidates for many complex reasons, and that a full, sober assessment of candidates' policy proposals or party programs may or may not be relevant to the decision-making process.  In the modern, complicated world we live in, where should we draw the line on what information is actually relevant to the policy-making process?  I want clean air and water.  Does that mean I have to understand the rule-making process at the EPA and Biden's and Trump's views on the EPA's scope of rule-making authority?  Where should we draw the line on what body of knowledge one must possess to be deemed knowledgeable versus ignorant?  Making choices about candidates without being able to demonstrate a mastery of the candidates' policy platforms or even how the policy-making process works doesn't make people ignorant or even irrational, it reflects a different calculus for making choices about voting and candidates.

Another problem with the "political ignorance" argument is that it is inconsistent to the extent one sees non-voters as ignorant or uninformed.  Don't you have to be informed to make a rational decision about whether you vote or not?  Non-voting may indeed be rational from an individual perspective (as the 'calculus of voting' school would tell us), but then it also isn't a very good indicator of ignorance.  Informed voting may be an ideal; it cannot be a requirement or even a standard for voting in a democracy.

Lori Minnite

On Sat, Nov 7, 2020 at 11:05 AM Braden Boucek <braden at beacontn.org<mailto:braden at beacontn.org>> wrote:
Thanks for the responses. Good points all the way around. To address the biggest one first, "informed voting" is a subjective term only if by "informed voting," one means "votes I prefer." Defined that way, it is a useless term. We can erect actual objective definitions of "informed." For instance, under 40% of Americans do not know the three branches of government. Pew research consistently shows that numbers of Americans vastly misunderstand how the federal government spends its money--for instance, largely underestimating the funds spent on Medicare or Social Security and overstating the funds spent on foreign aid. One might struggle to erect actual metrics for "informed/uninformed." But it's indisputable that a voter that cannot name the three branches of government, or thinks 50% of our funding goes to foreign aid would fail under any definition of an "informed voter." This is not an argument for disenfranchisement. To the contrary, my point is that if that voter chooses not to vote, it's may be a rational choice. It also be beneficial (to the "bad voting" question). A poorly informed voter tends to vote for incumbents based on a short term evaluation of their personal circumstances that either overstate or have nothing to do with policy choices. As stated by Professor Somin:

 On average, those who choose not to vote are even less well-informed about politics and public policy than current voters are<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.washingtonpost.com_news_volokh-2Dconspiracy_wp_2015_03_19_president-2Dobama-2Dendorses-2Dmandatory-2Dvoting_-3Fitid-3Dlk-5Finline-5Fmanual-5F3&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=vegK-PT8weiwFLEkjyx2Vdf8eKiiJQSnCrlR0TM_iuM&s=DD6qFRg6r7bcycXie16JKcFdrKXo6H0Fu--IKV2rkNE&e=>. If they are forced to go to the polls, they will exacerbate the already severe problem of political ignorance<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.forbes.com_sites_realspin_2014_11_03_what-2Dno-2Done-2Dtalks-2Dabout-2Dduring-2Delection-2Dseason-2Dvoter-2Dignorance_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=vegK-PT8weiwFLEkjyx2Vdf8eKiiJQSnCrlR0TM_iuM&s=lcDVx4P-Lh_cJHcZMiNFNoICZlINAXA6WimCsXcUCrs&e=>. When relatively ignorant voters go to the polls, they aren’t doing the rest of society a favor. They are instead inflicting harm on us by making poor choices and incentivizing politicians to cater to their ignorance.

By "turnout" as an end to itself, irrespective of whether voters are well informed, politicians, but especially incumbents who come in with built in earned media, are incentivized to cater to emotion (xenophobia, bigotry, class envy, etc.). Some might say this is already a problem that has manifested itself.

I don't know exactly how I come down on RCV. I do know that (to Rob's point above) majoritarianism is not a point in its favor.   The Founders feared majoritarianism like nothing else, including a monarchy. The anti-majoritarian aspects of the Constitution are its best features (bill of rights, SOP, federalism, etc.). My mind remains open on RCV. Although my first impression is to say that if uninformed voting is a concern, the last thing we need to do is add algebra to the mix.

Thanks for the lively discussion,
Braden H. Boucek

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On Sat, Nov 7, 2020 at 9:39 AM Rob Richie <rr at fairvote.org<mailto:rr at fairvote.org>> wrote:
A good question, Jon: "informed voting" could be in the eyes of the beholder. While I agree with Braden that turnout alone is hardly the only barometer of democratic health, I would disagree in saying that it's not a valuable one.

I did want to lift up a state-based fact <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.electproject.org_home_voter-2Dturnout_voter-2Dturnout-2Ddata&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=vegK-PT8weiwFLEkjyx2Vdf8eKiiJQSnCrlR0TM_iuM&s=tfdItyDyC4MzxIjg8CrIZ1-fqjlXrTu8VXByd1eIY_o&e=> from Michael McDonald's invaluable US Elections Project: when all the tallying is done, there's a good bet that the single highest turnout state  in voter eligible population in the country this year will be Maine.  It was a few points behind Minnesota in 2016, but should end up above it this year, nearing 80% of voter eligible population (80%)

Maine for the first time had ranked choice voting ballots for president and U.S. Senate along with a big uptick in voting by mail due to the pandemic. There are those out there that worry RCV may hurt turnout, but we keep getting evidence like this to the contrary (both in absolute numbers and in declines of undervotes in down ballot RCV races held at the same time with more prominent races). While use of RCV didn't affect an outcome this year, it was a backup to uphold majority rule and played a fascinating role in the positive relationship between the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate and a progressive independent that usually would have been toxic.

 I would also suggest RCV is a better alternative to Georgia's post-November runoff solution to non-maroity outcomes that this year that will - incredibly in a reflection of what has to be one of the absolute worst election policies in modern American history --  almost certainly result in a statewide runoff election on December 1st for a Public Service Commission seat 4 (with the GOP frontrunner right now sitting at 49.96% of the vote and a Liertarian having earned over 3%) and then the two separate U.S. Senate election runoffs on January 5th. For those Georgia policymakers  thinking that separate statewide runoff in December and federal runoffs in January was a good idea, let's see what turnout it gets compared to its VEP turnout this week of 68% (up from 59% in 2016).

Rob

On Sat, Nov 7, 2020 at 10:12 AM Jon Sherman <jsherman at fairelectionscenter.org<mailto:jsherman at fairelectionscenter.org>> wrote:
Can you define “bad voting” or “informed voting”?

On Sat, Nov 7, 2020 at 9:44 AM Braden Boucek <braden at beacontn.org<mailto:braden at beacontn.org>> wrote:
I appreciate your perspective. I do, however, respectfully disagree that turnout alone is a laudable metric or even useful. 90% turnout doesn't mean that good policy will result or vice versa. Oftentimes the electorate takes a look at the two candidates on offer and exercises a reasonable choice to not vote for either (or cast a gesture vote for a third party).  That is a valid choice that itself sends an important political message to the political parties--not interested, do better. Conversely, widespread political ignorance is already a problem and bad voting can be worse than no voting, as Professor Illya Somin has capably argued here<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.washingtonpost.com_news_volokh-2Dconspiracy_wp_2015_10_03_the-2Dongoing-2Ddebate-2Dover-2Dmandatory-2Dvoting_&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=vegK-PT8weiwFLEkjyx2Vdf8eKiiJQSnCrlR0TM_iuM&s=FjDfCHFS7zB7g79B3N-d7csvxtBEFFq-mcNeEDEJWis&e=> and here<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.amazon.com_Democracy-2DPolitical-2DIgnorance-2DSmaller-2DGovernment_dp_0804786615&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=vegK-PT8weiwFLEkjyx2Vdf8eKiiJQSnCrlR0TM_iuM&s=eubW8Wu0von7sFu6yX-Mk9BZOI9WqMkKM0rLAHuMLA8&e=>.  The ideal should be informed voting, something that turnout does not measure.
I appreciate the chance to dialogue.
Braden H. Boucek
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On Sat, Nov 7, 2020 at 8:26 AM Rob Richie <rr at fairvote.org<mailto:rr at fairvote.org>> wrote:

I keep seeing references to our turnout being the highest "in the modern era", as in Farhad Manjoo's valuable New York Times lead commentary today, or since some specific election before the 19th amendment a century ago extended suffrage rights to voting-age women.

In comparisons across countries, like this useful one at the Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.idea.int_data-2Dtools_data_voter-2Dturnout&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=vegK-PT8weiwFLEkjyx2Vdf8eKiiJQSnCrlR0TM_iuM&s=MnM3Ob4e-RcDZjMXqg8o6GP5mbfHZHyQMXJ1WKUHMQQ&e=>, the most basic measure of degree of relative democratization is the percentage of the voting age population that casts ballots. To be sure, one can also measure turnout by looking at percentages of the vote of the population allowed by a nation to vote, but prioritizing that measure can mean ignoring undemocratic practices like disenfranchising women and racial and ethnic minorities.

So... two cheers for the US having its highest turnout ever among our voting-age population, which is about 62% according to  the United States Election Project <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.electproject.org_2020g&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=vegK-PT8weiwFLEkjyx2Vdf8eKiiJQSnCrlR0TM_iuM&s=W4NsUtYklVESXKOBqaHp1qMkX-FTjfkSta9yfd6GPS0&e=> and approaching 67% of  citizens of voting age citizens who are eligible to vote (with the difference largely due noncitizen residents and disenfranchised citizens with felony convictions, with citizens and residents in American territories like Puerto Rico not part of the denominator.)
.
Being a democratic idealist, I'll reserve three cheers for when we can approach Malta, which has had only one election with less than 90% turnout <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.idea.int_data-2Dtools_world-2Dview_40-3Fst-3Dall-23rep&d=DwMFaQ&c=WO-RGvefibhHBZq3fL85hQ&r=pJzTKexUL2tP2q009L9Lw16G0xyfPitcTOewOk_qb1g&m=vegK-PT8weiwFLEkjyx2Vdf8eKiiJQSnCrlR0TM_iuM&s=_OQg8BVRutmMR6_oqjFcHZi2o6DyHYyt--Gtdietgh8&e=> of its voting age population in the past 25 years --and regularly has the highest turnout among democracies without compulsory voting and uses the ranked choice voting form of proportional representation (the candidate-based "single transferable vote") contributing to a highly competitive electoral culture.

Rob

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