Subject: Re: Prediction on congressional redistricting
From: Jon Roland
Date: 3/2/2006, 2:07 AM
To: "Smith, Brad" <BSmith@law.capital.edu>, election-law@majordomo.lls.edu
Reply-to:
jon.roland@constitution.org

<x-flowed>Smith, Brad wrote:
Congress could also deal with the issue for congressional seats, and I expect it would.

It has no constitution authority to do that. The only authority Congress has is provided in

The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. (Art. I Sec. 2 Cl. 3)

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators. (Art. I Sec. 4 Cl. 1)

Amendment 13:
Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

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Nowhere in the above is there authorization to regulate the ways districts are drawn, or even that there be single-member districts. States could constitutionally elect members of the House of Representatives at large.

The 15th Amendment is the basis for the Voting Rights Act, which prescribes there not be dilution of majority-minority districts. However, with the increasingly even distribution of voters, it may become mathematically impossible to fulfill that provision, which seems to have be written with the assumption that districts will be drawn manually, but is inapplicable to districts drawn by a purely mechanical process, without human intervention, which computers now make possible.


-- Jon

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